A Case Of Operation Management At Lotus Cars Commerce Essay

Operation direction is a portion of mundane life that includes the most general undertakings of modus operandi to proper sphere specific undertakings. In instance of companies confronting certain critical bottle cervixs in the smooth and efficient working of an organisation it is better to hold some proper tools to turn to the same. The paper tries to analyze how a company can travel approximately bettering its Operation Management.About the Company-Lotus CarsThe company under survey is Lotus Cars which is a British maker of athleticss and rushing autos. The company is based out of Norflock, England. The company is into doing autos of light weight features. The company has been recently seen negative growing and slack in its net incomes.IntroductionScheme is define as the concentration of a company into its nucleus competences ( by agencies of its hereafter program of action ) in order to derive competitory advantage.Strategy TypesThere are four stairss of scheme that are present in context of a house and its environment. The grade to which each will impact a company ‘s fight will change depending ( netmba, 2010 ) Industrial degree scheme These are the schemes at the degree of the industry like certain authorities related regulations and ordinances. Corporate degree scheme In this instance the scheme happens at the market degree whereby companies look at the overall market conditions and competitory intelligence. Business degree scheme Many organisations are mark with diverseness ( many concerns ) . These Business degree schemes is concern with designation of the markets by which each of the many concerns compete with each other and the size of competition involved. Functional degree scheme aˆ? A company competes in several markets and therefore each map needs to develop a scheme appropriate to each of these markets. Functional schemes concern puting in and developing the necessary capablenesss to convey this about. ( thinkingmanagers, 2010 )Functional Level Strategies within the Context of a FirmA company competes in a figure of market and therefore each undertaking needs to develop a scheme suited to all of these markets. Functional schemes concern invest in and lifting the indispensable capablenesss to transport this about. Functional scheme should be aimed at looking towards deriving a concern stableness section wise or concern units wise. ( 1000ventures.com, 2010 ) As it turns out the corporate scheme is the result of the functional scheme. Thus the former ca n't be achieved without the later as it is the functional scheme that binds the assorted constituents of the corporate scheme.Components of the schemes of a houseDefinition of Operations directionOperation s Management is one of the concern maps that oversee the procedure of planning, forming, co-ordaniting and commanding the procedure that are used in the production of the goods and services. It is one of the direction maps of the organisation and involves the direction of the people procedure, engineering and equipment and many other resources of the organisation. It is one of the nucleus maps of every organisation. ( managementhelp.org, 2010 ) The major function of the operations direction is to change over the inputs of the organisation into the goods and services as per the demands of the client. ( ocw.kfupm.edu.sa, 2010 ) These inputs may be in the signifier of resources ( work force ) , works installation, the procedure ( such as the equipment and machinery ) or in the signifier of stuff ( such as the information and the engineering knowhow ) . The consequences of these inputs are in the signifier of goods and services. The below figure explains the major function that the operations direction dramas. ( gyte.edu.tr, 2010 ) Performance Information feedback Customer feedback Examples of assorted operations direction maps are the motion of the passangers with their baggage from one finish to another and in infirmaries with its resources in the signifier of physicians, nurses, wardboys, operation theatre, etc for transforming a ill individual into a healtier individual. Thus is the the function of the operations direction to pull off and command all the resources of an organisation. Operations direction involves all the procedure from the design to the construct stage in the life rhythm of a merchandise or services. Thus it helps in the designing of the merchandise, make up one's minding on the resource that are required to carry through that design, the routing of the natural stuff, the agenda production of the occupation, decising on the procedure that is to be applied to do the merchandise, make up one's minding on the machinery, the tols and the fixture that are to be required, make up one's minding the layout of the works thereby takin a determination on the installation where the merchandise has to be made, direction of the stock list of all the degrees of the goods produced ( natural stuff ; , work in pogress and the finished goods ) , determination on the reviews and the certification of the good made. Thus in a manner the function of operations direction is to supervise and do certain that all the procedure of the company are adhered to while executing a undertaking. It is the client feedback and the public presentation information that are used as an input by the operation direction section to continually set its inputs thereby thrying to alter the end product as per the demands. Therefore the whole of this transmutation procedure in the operations direction is a really dynamic procedure. It is besides the function of the operation direction to add value to the good and services during the transmutation procedure. Value add-on is the procedure of increasing the overall value of the merchandise ( at the end product phase ) d uring the transmutation procedure. ( from the natural stuff to the merchandise ) Thus the greater the value that hjas been adde more if the productiveness of the organisation. Besides operations direction besides looks at bettering the efficiency of an administration. Efficiency for an administration is to carry through all the procedure good and at the most executable cost. ( scribd.com, 2010 )Model for reflecting Operations scheme issues in corporate determinationsCorporate AimsSelling SchemeHow to merchandises measure up and win orders in the market topographic pointOperation StrategyProcedure ChoiceOperationSchemeInfrastructureGrowthSurvivalNet incomeReturn on invested capitalOther fiscal stepsMerchandise markets and sections Scope Mix Volumes Standardization Vs customization Degree of Invention Leader Vs follower options Monetary value Quality conformity Delivery Speed Dependability Demand additions Color scope Merchandise scope Design Brand image Technical support After-sales support Choice of alternate procedures Tradeoffs embodied in the procedure pick Role of stock list in the procedure constellation Make or purchase Capacity Size timing location Function support Manufacturing planning and control systems Quality confidence and control Manufacturing systems technology Clerical processs Compensation understandings Work structuring Organizational constructionThe procedure for Operations ManagementThe stairss to associate operations to marketing with corporate scheme development are first by specifying the corporate aims. Then the links are required between aims of concern and corporate scheme. Link provides the base for set up clear, strategic manner for a industry and demonstrates all the strategic consciousness and strategic motive necessary to concern accomplishment. Link defines the limitations and symbols the parametric quantity next to which the assorted inputs could be calculated and dependability established. ( mitsloan.mit.edu, 2010 ) The 2nd measure is to find selling schemes to run into these aims and associating them closely to the in agreement corporate aims. The stairss are Market readying and pull off units should to be recognized. Analysis of merchandise markets place mark markets and O.K.ing aims for each The 3rd measure is to reexamine how dissimilar goods run into the standards in their single markets and win orders against rivals.Order Winners and QualifiersDetermining the Order Winners and Qualifiers for a peculiar market Qualifiers are those standard that a company must run into for a clients to even see it as a possible provider. Be every bit good as rivals. Order Winners are those standards that win the order.Basic Characteristics of the Order Winners and QualifiersGeneral statements about markets embody imprecise significances. A requirement for sound corporate scheme development ( that is, understanding by all on what markets the company is and should be in and the features of those markets ) is losing. Again Order victors and qualifiers are both market and clip specific. Usually Companies must separate the degree of importance for single standards for each market. Order victors and qualifiers and their comparative weightings will alter over clip. In the bulk cases, differences exist between the standards needed to maintain gettable clients and those wanted to add to market portion or derive possible clients. ( Stevenson, 2008 ) The following measure is to set up the appropriate procedure of Operations Management to fabricate these merchandises ( procedure pick )Quality as a strategic toolThe strategic significance of excellence excellence has emerge in conditions of strategic importance because of two incorporate factors: – The figures and capableness of new entrants into markets. Lee and Schniederjans ( 1994 ) province: The lone necessary chiropteran for fiscal laterality today and in the twenty-first century is merchandise or service excellence. Very good or category quality provides an company with the lone insurance that it can contend fruitfully whether it is American, European, or Nipponese. 2. The greater sum of pick that clients have Rivalry is fierce in today ‘s concern universe and merchandise quality is going progressively recognized as the first premier concern in many purchase decision. There are legion good publicized instances in which intense competition has been the alteration agent obliging companies to follow more advanced quality systems and entire quality direction to better merchandise quality.Tools of Operations Management that could be used at Lotus CarsThe assorted tools that are effectual in instance of Operations direction areWorld Class JITThe purpose is to extinguish waste such as record so that no has to pay anything for them and give a fast, consistent and stretchable answer to clients ‘ demands at least cost and with minimal dependance on stock list. Now the accent is on working together with providers so that together they can happen ways of enabling providers to fulfill your demands for frequent little batch bringings without the demand for extra stock list.Cardinal Elementss of JITExposing cardinal jobs and so seting them right one time for all, so that they do n't maintain repeating ( in contrast of merely in instance ) Endeavoring for simpleness, because simple procedures are less likely to do jobs and are easier to set right when they do travel incorrect. Reducing fabrication throughput times, efficaciously by utilizing cell fabrication and put up decrease techniques. Bettering supplier public presentation to halt stuff jobs interfering with your ability to fulfill your clients ‘ demand. Bettering quality, because short lead times and lower stocks mean that you no longer have the protection against things traveling incorrect that you have been used to in the yesteryear. Bettering labour flexibleness through cross-training, so that you can exchange people between undertakings to get by with the mundane ups and downs in clients ‘ demands ( Jay H. Heizer, 2001 )Cell ManufacturingIt is the procedure of grouping of fabrication installations into a production cell, in order to bring forth a household of parts which require a similar sequence of procedures. In this manner companies can cut the distance parts have to go during the fabrication procedure to an absolute lower limit.Attacking WasteThe assorted wastes that the company should be looking frontward to cut down are Waste from over production Waste of waiting clip Transportation waste Processing waste Inventory waste Waste of gesture Waste from production defectsReducing Lead TimessReducing lead clip every bit much as 50 % can be really easy. The key is to understand what is go oning, what takes the clip and what causes things to travel incorrect.Entire Quality Management ( TQM )TQM is based on the construct that all the stakeholders of an organisation should work together to accomplish continual betterment in the organisation ‘s civilization, service, procedure and merchandises The overall aim of TQM is client satisfaction through quality merchandises and services. This in bend will take to more demand for merchandises thereby diminishing monetary value and increase hostel growing both for the company and its employees Six basic constructs in TQM Engagement of the direction as the whole construct of TQM is based on continual betterment procedure which requires everybody ‘s engagement Customer centric focal point by listening to them and supplying them with the merchandises and services as per their demands. Engagement of the employment of the company by authorising them with determination doing procedure and delegating them with more duty Increase the quality of the merchandise and services by continual betterment of the procedure A strategic provider partnership based on common apprehension and regard Estimate the public presentation in order to analyse the consequencesBusiness Procedure ReengineeringIt is the agencies of re-engineering the assorted procedure that are being followed in the company thereby increasing the efficiency of the procedure, cut downing the cost and bettering the quality of its end product ( goods and services ) The whole construct of concern rhenium technology is based on inquiring some of the basic questions- ‘ Why are certain procedure in some peculiar manner? ‘ Operations direction is the key to follow the procedure of concern re-engineering in an organisation.Supply concatenation ManagementSupply concatenation direction is the procedure pull offing the flow of the information and the stuff to and from the provider of the natural stuff to the concluding client of the merchandise. The chief aim of the supply concatenation is to do the overall procedure in the organisation more efficient and full cogent evidenceProblems with Operations Managem ent in Lotus CarsThe major jobs with Operations direction are two creases Operationss Executives feel they must: Exercise accomplishment and experience in efficaciously get bying with the exacting and changing demands placed on operations direction Reconcile the trade -offs inherent in these demands as best they can Rarely do they see as an built-in portion of their function the demand to lend suitably to corporate determinations that will impact the demands on operations direction and its ability to supply the necessary market support. How Companies see Operations Management ‘s Contribution Companies besides usually reenforce operations executives ‘ accent on the short term operational facets of operations direction. Companies develop directors within operations direction. ( C. Donald J. Waters, 1999 ) At present Lotus Cars follows the procedure of production which is more based on the Numberss of the autos to be produced ( based on the demand ) . Its providers are required to provide the natural stuff based strictly on the production predictor. But the procedure is able to present merely a certain portion of the cargo of the units on clip.Recommendations for Lotus CarsThe few recommendations that the direction of a company can look into when finding their Operationss direction scheme arePlaningOperationss direction should be treated as a portion of an basic hierarchal concern planning construction which assures a tantrum between developed end and events and those of bigger companies.ProactivenessThe aptitude of a company to anticipate new procedures and engineerings and to set into pattern long term plan to obtain capableness in progress of demandsPattern of actionsThe experiential downpour of determinations or events of a company over a age of clip in 9 classs: capacity, installa tions, procedure engineering, perpendicular integrating, production planning and control, quality systems, organisation, work force, and new merchandise development.Portfolio of operations direction capablenesssThe portfolio of developed capablenesss reflects spirited strengths obsessed by the developed intent and their comparative significance. Generic fabrication capablenesss include: quality, cost, flexibleness, innovativeness and bringing public presentation.Plan of bettermentThe set of structured, time-phased, and evaluated actions which are implemented to better the fabrication capableness of the house. Examples include entire quality direction, group engineering, just-in-time, etc. Program typically involve wide worker engagementPerformance measuringThe systemic agencies by which operation direction is evaluate. Good quality public presentation dimension strategies are allied with strategic company ends so that public presentation which furthers those ends is methodically unbreakable. The recommendation for betterments in Operations Management as per the assorted procedure involved in Lotus Cars are The company can travel in for alternate fabricating units thereby run intoing the existent demand. This will once more assist in the addition in the efficiency and the effectivity of the single units of production. The company can besides look frontward to maintain a safety stock which should once more be about 20 % -50 % of the demand thereby cut downing its chance loss. But this might take to an increased stock list keeping cost. To get the better of this company can travel for the economic order measure based on the lead clip. Again the lower stock list degrees of the plastic polymers ( which have a batch of provider ) can counterbalance for the high cost of the other natural stuff involved in the production of the autos.Supply ChainIn instance of Lotus Cars the supply concatenation plays an of import function in doing its procedure more robust and efficient. Thus it requires proper informations and information flow across the assorted constituents of the value concatenation. This may assist Lotus Cars achieve a streamlined supply web. The major constituents of the supply concatenation in instance of Lotus Cars are its production section ( providers ) , the marketing/sales section ( internal ) and the distributers ( stop merchandises ) . The key to effectual supply concatenation is to organize a strong linkage between these constituents of the value concatenation. In today ‘s universe it should be remembered that it is non the companies that are viing any longer by the supply concatenation that is viing. Thus a good supply web would enable Lotus Cars to cut down the lead clip, cut down cost, and increase the bringing clip and quality of the merchandises. Lotus Cars can make off with its other activities and dressed ore merely on its nucleus competence which is production of Quality autos. The other activities such as distribution and logistics should be outsourced to companies that are specialist in the field. ( Krajewski, 2005 ) . The other option in the instance of the Lotus Cars is to accomplish forward integrating of its supply concatenation by coaction or unifying with its distributer.Tables showcase the suggested country of betterment for Lotus CarsQualityHow a company should see the procedure for effectual operations directionSituation at Lotus CarsQuality ManagementQuality is free It costs money to do quality Quality is controlled Quality is built inSQCQuality at the beginning is emphasized. Inspection at big Scoring, describing and measuring Credence sampling Statistical survey of fluctuations to understand causes Procedure controlTQCWorkers are on the topographic point problem taw Quality personal are responsible for quality jobsTQMPlaning oriented Control orientedStrategic quality directionFocused on broader systems, proactive to chances, large discoveries and little stairss Focused new merchandise development, reactive to jobs, large discoveries merely.Visually commandControl chart, poka-yoka Merely chartsPlant and equipmentHow a company should see the procedure for effectual operations directionSituation at Lotus CarsGroup TechnologyHighly used Loath to utilizeAutomationValued as it facilitates consistent quality Valued as it drives labour out of the merchandiseHouse Keeping5 ‘s ( Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seketsu and Shitsuke ) are used. Relatively untidy and disorganised work topographic point.DisplaiesLight shows to foreground problem topographic point. Not usedTPMPrevention outlook Preventive care Regular. M/c dislocation and tool failure must be eliminated. Corrective outlook Breakdown care Merely after failure. M/c break down is non serious because of stock listProduction SystemHow a company should see the procedure for effectual operations directionSituation at Lotus CarsManufacturing systemMake to order Kanban ( pull system ) Made to stock MRP ( push system )StandardizationCustomized end product Standardized end productSet upsLow set up clip High set up clipLayoutFlexible RigidMaterial Handling systemsFlow: usage of gravitation Less importantInventory SystemHow a company should see the procedure for effectual operations direction` Situation at Lotus CarsWaste decreaseInventory is an evil. It hides jobs that should be allowed to come up. Every attempt must be extended to minimise stock list. Inventory is an plus. It makes production turn overing along. It protects against prognosis mistake, machine interruption down, and late bringings.QueuesOnce in gesture, ever in gesture. Production should be merely in clip, No waiting lines of WIPs WIP are needed to be certain that machine use stays high.Lot SizesKeep cut downing the batch size. The smallest measure is desired for both manufactured and purchased parts. Keep revising the optimal batch size based on some expressionsBuyingHow a company should see the procedure for effectual operations direction Situation at Lotus CarsSmall batch buyinglittle LargeSupplier -buyer propinquityFrequent bringings Few bringingsSupplier choiceLong term Short termFew committed providersSingle beginning Multiple beginningComplimentary concernWork together to maximise the economic systems of carbon monoxide operation Reduce provider power, widen supply base, cut down purchaser power, widen client baseSupplier as interior decoratorLoose specifications, accent on public presentation Rigid specifications. Inventions are non encouragedMerchandise and PriceHow a company should see the procedure for effectual operations directionSituation at Lotus CarsMerchandise designInventions Imitations R & A ; D lacking: merchandise design depends upon what is available instead what the client demands Customer oriented merchandisePricing SchemeBelieve in long term additions, low borders ; sell high volumes at lower monetary value to do high net income. Strive for short term additions, sell at high monetary value to do high net income

What Is So Fascinating About High School Essay Samples Pdf?

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Analysis Of Stanley Kramer s Inherit The Wind

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Blake’s parents encouraged him to keep a record of all the masters he claimed to keep in contact with. Blake’s father, James Blake, gave him casts and engravings to keep this record. At the age of ten, Blake started at a drawing school named Henry Pars’ Drawing School. Three years late r, he was apprenticed to a Master Engraver, James Basire. BlakeRead MoreOpposition in William Blakes The Lamb and the Tyger689 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Opposition in William Blakes The Lamb and The Tyger William Blakes Songs of Innocence and Experience contain some of his most known poems including The Lamb from Songs of Innocence and The Tyger from Songs of Experience. These two poems are intended to reflect contrasting views of religion, innocence, and creation, with The Tyger examining the intrinsic relationship between good and evil. Blake utilizes contrasting images and symbols to examine opposing perspectives of good and evil

An Unbiased View of Topics for Research Essay Argument

An Unbiased View of Topics for Research Essay Argument To discover argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you will need to comprehend about the argumentative essay. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go straight to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. Most issues can have essays on all the above mentioned questions. In both the tasks a candidate is predicted to show a wide selection of vocabulary, grammatical accuracy with respect to punctuation and correct spellings. The 30-Second Trick for Topics for Research Essay Argument Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tough to discover. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will allow you to select your own. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. A very good Rogerian essay is dependen t heavily on a detailed essay topic. Our experts enable you to comprehend what is needed when you're choosing proposal essay topics. Of importance always pick a topic which you like. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. The response could be People prefer fast foods because they're affordable. Bear in mind, a superb causal topic is on that has many answers to it. F. Bacon The main intention of the capital isn't to get as much money as possible, yet to guarantee that money results in a better life. One particular important and appropriate subject is technology. If you're confused with a selection of interesting topics to research on the web, it's much better to determine what interests you the most. The minute you've identified the subject of interest, research on the net and visit your nearest library to acquire information on the said topic. Most Noticeable Topics for Research Essay Argument Bear in mind you can make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. Before writing your proposal you should do the next things. If you select the incorrect subject, you might get stuck with your writing and have a difficult time moving forward. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically considering the world around us. Whispered Topics for Research Essay Argument Secrets If when you are preparing a report you just analyze specific literature, the essay demands a superb penetration into the issue. You might even wish to consider utilizing a controversial topic like religion since it can be considered from a number of distinct perspectives. The procedure for getting good argumentative research essay topics is not simple. Conduct a research before you are able to even start to provide an answer here. The Truth About Topics for Research Essay Argument In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. A Rogerian essay differs a good deal from the other sorts of academic writing. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. Yes, ensure the essay you're writing is written in your language instead of exactly copied from any of the sources. A Secret Weapon for Topics for Research Essay Argument Writing a college argumentative research paper isn't as simple as it might seem at first. Now you are aware that proposal essay has to be done employing the prescribed form. Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you can counter to your own points. Causal arguments deliver various answers to certain difficulties. In an argumentative essay you're supposed to present arguments about either side and please so take note of important events and court rulings about the topics you're speaking about. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. Where to Find Topics for Research Essay Argument The more research you can do in order to secure bette r at your upcoming profession, the better. The main reason is our experts are alumni from the exact same college you're pursuing degrees. It's possible to select an intriguing topic from any area of science. Information technology due to its specific branches and wide extension has been an intriguing area of study for the great majority of the students. Topics for Research Essay Argument Secrets Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. If you are fighting with selecting essay topics or writing it, here is the best solution. Today, several on-line tutoring websites provide the very best essay writing services at reasonable prices. Tell our experts what sort of homework help on the internet you want to get.

Reflective Report for Bonos Six Thinking Hats- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theReflective Report for Bonos Six Thinking Hats. Answer: Reflection In the words of Pablo Picasso, Everything you can imagine is real. In this module, I have studied about Bunnings, an organization selling home improvement products across Australia and New Zealand. First and foremost, I found it interesting and challenging to design innovation for a multinational. I used creative imagining for application of tools and suggesting new methods of improving issues. It helped me understand the real issue in a better way due to visual representation. I made use of Bonos Six Thinking Hats that made me think the solutions critically. I also applied radiant thinking models such as mind mapping. I made a sketch using multiple colours for mind mapping. This strategy proved beneficial for my personal learning as I developed better insight towards the benefits of improving delivery. For idea generation, I used the brainstorming method that helped me think of multiple reasons and find out the problems related with outsourcing partner service. It was helpful as I came up with multiple alternatives about delivery services. I found it challenging to use IPPCO model. I think that the model could be explained in an elaborate way for better understanding. For me, personally, the creative cycle started where my team was assigned the task for applying ideas and developing an innovative solution for the future value of the company. I have come to realize that while I may possess certain competencies such as coming up with ideas, I lack to exploit or manage the structure of the project. I lack conceptual sills that can make it difficult for me to launch a successful project in reality. I need to exploit multiple market opportunities and improve persuasion skills. I am more of a follower by nature as I was not able to convince my team members of the certain ideas I wish to incorporate.

Pregnancy and Substance Abuse free essay sample

Pregnant women who use substances such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methadone, methamphetamine, and other addictive substances put themselves and their babies at great risk; however, there is increasing evidence that even substances such as alcohol and cigarettes, which are commonly thought of as less dangerous than the previously mentioned substances, are extremely harmful to the newborn. Some forms of treatment have been proven effective in lowering the risks of these adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, many factors influence treatment effectiveness. The most important factors to consider regarding treatment involve the waiting period for treatment and the existence of an aftercare plan. Treatment providers should be educated about the special accommodations required for pregnant women. The Dangers of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy: Prenatal Developmental Issues That Begin with Substance Abuse Pregnancy is a beautiful experience that will be the beginning of the shaping and development of an individual, the preparation period for bringing a new being into the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Pregnancy and Substance Abuse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unfortunately, this sacred period of time is not immune to tragedy, mistakes, and heartache, especially when addiction or even casual substance use is involved. Pregnant women are not only eating for two, but are also damaging two bodies and souls when they choose to abuse substances during pregnancy. Substance abuse during pregnancy is becoming more prevalent, with substance abusing women of child bearing age accounting for 40% of the treatment population; this does not include those who are abusing substances but have not yet reached out for help or those who may never seek treatment (Mayet et al, 2008). Pregnant women who use substances such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methadone, methamphetamine, and other addictive substances put themselves and their babies at great risk; however, there is increasing evidence that even substances such as alcohol and cigarettes, which are commonly thought of as less dangerous than the previously mentioned substances, are extremely harmful to the newborn (Feldman, 2011). Additional statistics show that 50% of adult pregnancies are unplanned, and most women do not know they are pregnant until after one month (Kurgans, 2011). Therefore, it is common for women to use substances before they are even aware that they are pregnant, and by one month damage could have already been done to development of the fetus. Additionally, pregnancy is often a consequence of failed judgment during a period of substance abuse, and use of more than one substance is the norm among the substance abusing population (Kurgans, 2011). Substance use and abuse during pregnancy can have significant adverse affects on the baby to include premature birth, miscarriage, low birth weight, and many other possible cognitive and behavioral issues; however, some forms of treatment have been proven successful in lowering the risk of these issues. Possible Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Illicit and Licit Substance Effects Abstinence from illicit substances as well as harmful licit substances is necessary due to proven correlation of substance abuse during pregnancy with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A study conducted in 2010 found significantly more preterm births with pregnant women who used substances during pregnancy, specifically reporting that 25% of drug abusing women gave birth preterm (Dodd et al). This statistic is paralleled in a study done in 2007 which reported that 23% of children born to substance abusing mothers were born preterm (Topley, Windsor, Williams, 2007). Additionally, in the 2010 study, where only 8% of women in the control group gave birth to low weight babies, 30. % of women who used substances had this specific pregnancy outcome, showing a 22% greater frequency of low birth weight in babies whose mothers abused substances (Dodd et al, 2010). The risk for placental abruption is also higher among drug abusers, meaning that they are more likely to have a portion of placenta pull away from its original attachment to the uterine wall. In a healthy pregnancy, abruption would happen after the baby is born; when abruption occurs while the baby is still in ut ero, there is not adequate blood flow, oxygen, or nourishment for the baby. This means that the risk of birth defects and miscarriage is extremely high (Dodd et al, pp. 140). Another risk for addicted pregnant women is that the newborn baby can suffer from withdrawal. According to studies, withdrawal happens in about 20% of the cases followed where the mother used consistently throughout pregnancy (Topley et al, 2007). Also, a study reporting specifically on methamphetamine use during pregnancy found that heavy methamphetamine use was associated with lower arousal, more lethargy, and increased physiological stress (Smith et al, 2008, pp. 27). Martha Kurgans (2011), the Women’s Substance Abuse Services Coordinator for the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services, confirms the previous research that newborns who were exposed to substances during pregnancy are at increased risk for premature birth, low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and adds that another risk may be neurological and congenital problems. In addition to these effects of substance abuse during pregnancy that are noticeable immediately after birth, mothers may also be putting their children at risk for longer term complications. Possible Long Term Effects Long term effects on babies whose mothers used substances when pregnant are likely; however, according to some researchers these effects remain undocumented and under researched (Topley, Windsor, Williams, 2007). Topley, Windsor, and Williams study conducted in 2007 was specifically concerned with longer term effects on children whose mothers used substances, to include developmental, educational, and behavioral outcomes. They found that 74% of the children had no educational or behavioral issues at the time the study was conducted. None of the children were reported to have special educational needs other than minimal extra support from their teachers at school (Topley et al, 2007). About 20% of the children in this study had behavior or concentration problems; however, some of these could be attributed to other factors such as poor quality parenting. The researchers found that while educational and behavioral issues seemed to be minimal, 42% of the children studied were placed on the Child Protection Register at least once, most due to concerns of continued drug use, neglect, or domestic violence issues. One pattern that these researchers found was that there were significantly less concerns about these issues when there was a record that the child had seen a health professional in the last year (Topley et al, 2007, pp. 73). This may be evidence that educational and behavioral issues typically associated with prenatal drug use could be better attributed to the neglect or continued drug use of the parents rather than biological issues that occurred prenatally. In addition to the 42% of children that had been on the Child Protection Register at the time of the study, another 8% had child protection concerns. Therefore, a total of 50% of the children in this study required intervention of social services or removal from their homes in the early years of their lives. This observational study supports previous findings that a safe living environment is essential for all children but especially for children who were exposed to illicit substances prenatally. Furthermore, a safe living environment can decrease the risks of behavioral and developmental outcomes (Topley et al, 2007, pp. 75). Confirming the findings of this study, Martha Kurgans (2011) of the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services reports that newborns exposed to substances are at increased risk for poor maternal-child bonding, developmental delays, impaired academic development, neglect, abuse, exposure to violent situations, and unsafe living environments. This information shows that the consequences of substance abuse during pregnancy can not only affect the child immediately after birth, but can cause developmental delays or environmental challenges that have the potential to follow the child for the rest of its life. In addition to illicit substances, there is also increasing evidence that nicotine can be harmful to children, with expecting women who smoke accounting for 12% of the pregnant population (NIDA, 2009). The National Institute on Drug Abuse (2009) found that some children of women who smoked during pregnancy showed difficulty with processing auditory information. More importantly, studies conducted on rats showed that this can happen very quickly, with rats showing auditory processing issues after only five days of exposure to nicotine. In instances when the mother used cigarettes during the first few days of her third trimester, even when she is only intermittently using cigarettes, the nicotine exposure can cause serious long term auditory processing damage (NIDA, 2009). Even more concerning information regarding nicotine exposure prenatally is the finding that it can affect the likelihood that the child will become addicted to nicotine in he future. Arnold Mann (2004) states that while nicotine exposure does not increase the risk of the child initially experimenting with cigarette use, it does increase the risk that the child will become addicted to nicotine if they do experiment. Mann adds that the researchers involved in this study were able to control for socioeconomic status, maternal age at pregnancy, childs sex, and the childs age, t herefore being able to conclude that the result is a biological, not environmental, factor. Nicotine use during pregnancy can â€Å"permanently alter cells responsiveness in ways that increase vulnerability to tobacco addiction (Mann, 2004). † Alcohol, another legal substance, can also be very harmful when used during pregnancy, with one of the most common complications to follow alcohol use being Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (SAMHSA, 2006). The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2006) reports that no amount of alcohol consumption has been proven safe during pregnancy, and adds that prenatal alcohol exposure harms about one in every 100 babies born each year. This is in contrast with recommendations given by doctors in decades past, as doctors used to be of the opinion that the occasional drink would allow the pregnant woman to relax and would not cause harm (SAMHSA, 2006). Additionally, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the leading cause of babies born with mental retardation other than hereditary causes. Furthermore, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is not seen more commonly in any one socioeconomic level, with women at every level having given birth to children with the syndrome (SAMHSA, 2006). Even though alcohol and nicotine are legal substances, they have been proven very harmful to newborns who are exposed to them prenatally, even in very small doses. Cessation Rates The most obvious way to prevent any further harm to children would be to discontinue substance use as soon as the woman is aware that she is pregnant. However, this is not always easy as addiction can cause the women to only think about the drug, even when her own life and her babys life are in danger. Addiction can alter an individuals brain chemistry and as a result an addicted pregnant woman, or any addict, may actually not be able to discontinue drug use without professional assistance. One study conducted in 2009 reports that the cessation rate for alcohol use is significantly higher that the cessation rate for drug use, with the alcohol cessation rate shown at 87% and the drug use cessation rate at 56. 1% (Harrison Sidebottom, 2009). The difference may be attributed to the frequency at which the women were drinking alcohol as compared to the frequency at which they were using drugs, with alcohol use being reported several times per month but drug use being reported several times per week or even daily (Harrison Sidebottom, 2009). One issue to consider when thinking about cessation rates is the seriousness of the mother’s addiction, as most women want what’s best for their child and are motivated to discontinue illicit substance use for their baby’s health. This can be an important motivator for treatment, a window of opportunity; however, if the pregnant woman is not able to discontinue substance abuse even with this motivation, this is an indicator of serious addiction. A woman in this situation would likely need inpatient treatment, medically assisted treatment, or hospitalization in order for her newborn to have a chance at a healthy life (Kurgans, 2011). Treatment Issues One major issue with the treatment of substance abusing pregnant women is that waiting time for treatment effects treatment success and completion (Albrecht, Lindsay, Terplan, 2011). A study done on treatment plan completion by pregnant women found that waiting time was a predictor for completion, and that the effects of waiting times were dependent upon the treatment setting. Most pregnant women who entered treatment entered in an outpatient, low intensive treatment setting, and in this type of treatment setting immediate entry into treatment showed the strongest tendency for treatment completion (Albrecht et al, 2011). In reference to detoxification treatment, the researcher found the opposite trend. Pregnant women who entered immediately into detoxification treatment were less likely to complete the treatment; however, the results for this area did not show statistically significant. Additionally, in instances where the women were referred from the criminal justice program or had a high school education, the rates of treatment success were higher no matter what the treatment setting was (Albrecht et al, 2011). Finally, at least part-time employment was associated with more frequent treatment completion in outpatient treatment, but the same was not true for residential or detoxification settings. Another study done in 2008 confirms that many factors can change treatment effectiveness; this study found that early access to education and substance abuse treatment resulted in improved outcomes (Mayet et al, 2008). The findings of this research study completed by Albrecht, Lindsay, and Terplan (2011) show a great need for immediate services for pregnant women, particularly in the outpatient settings. Some states have already begun to require that pregnant women be treated with priority; however, it is necessary for treatment facilities to begin to eliminate limitations that will not allow them to immediately begin to treat pregnant women (Carvahlo Neil, 2011). Some treatment facilities currently have limitations that would not allow for the immediate treatment of an individual; it would be beneficial if they could eliminate these limitations so that they are better able to serve a population that is in great need. For example, federal regulations over opiate treatment programs such as methadone maintenance clinics state that the facilities must maintain current policies and procedures that reflect the special needs of pregnant women. Federal requirements for community service boards include being able to provide family focused services to pregnant and parenting women and their children, providing services for pregnant women within 48 hours of the request for services, and the ability to provide child care, transportation, and sufficient case management so that women are able to participate in treatment (Kurgans, 2011). If a local community service board is not able to provide these services within 48 hours, they are required to provide interim services and reach out to their state regulatory agency for assistance. Virginia legislation requires that prenatal care providers screen all pregnant women for substance abuse, and physicians are required to report substance exposed newborns to Child Protective Services. Additionally, pregnant women must be given a referral to their local Community Service Board after giving birth if they were using substances during their pregnancy (Kurgans, 2011). Treatment Successes As was mentioned before, pregnancy can be a motivation to remain free of illicit substances for women who would not otherwise find motivation. One form of treatment that has been found successful for opiate abusers is medication assisted treatment. Methadone maintenance remains the â€Å"gold standard† for opiate addicted pregnant women, and buprenorphine may also be effective but has not yet been researched in detail (Carvahlo Neil, 2011). Methadone has been proven to prevent erratic maternal opioid levels, protect the fetus from repeated episodes of withdrawal, improve maternal health and nutrition, and improves the growth of the fetus. Studies have shown that methadone can also decrease pregnancy complications and preterm labor by 30-40%. While methadone and buprenorphine may still cause withdrawal in the newborn, the risks of the pregnant women continuing to use illicit substances and put themselves in dangerous situations is far more harmful than the withdrawals, which can be monitored closely by doctors when the baby is born (Carvahlo Neil, 2011). Withdrawal in newborns is called neonatal abstinence syndrome and can occur from 3-12 days after birth. Symptoms can include sleeping issues, feeding issues, and lack of weight gain. Symptoms can vary due to drugs other than methadone or buprenorphine used by the mother, the mother’s metabolism, and the infant’s metabolism. Some ways to reduce the symptoms of neonatal are decreasing light exposure, minimizing excessive noise, and avoiding unnecessary handling (Carvahlo Neil, 2011). The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (2006) recommends identifying and using community resources to help prevent Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and other issues that can result from substance abuse during pregnancy. Specifically, SAMHSA (2006) suggests getting neighborhood groups and community centers, local health departments, civic organizations, employers, the local media, and recreational businesses involved in the effort to prevent and treat substance abuse during pregnancy. Additionally, aftercare services should be provided for pregnant women so that they can continue to be supported throughout parenthood (Carvahlo Niel, 2011); this is important as the research shows that if a child does not have developmental of physical issues at birth, there is still a chance they will have educational and developmental difficulties later on due to their home environment. Discussion Pregnant women who abuse substances are not only putting themselves at risk for physical and psychological issues, but are also putting their children at risk for premature birth, low birth weight, significant cognitive and ehavioral issues, and even miscarriage. Despite the risks, some women may find it hard to quit using substances. It is imperative to their childrens well-being that these women are able to enter treatment as quickly as possible. Treatment should educate the women about the disease of addiction, the risks they are taking by abusing substances during pregnancy, and sho uld also provide parenting skills training so that the mother is more able to provide a healthy living environment. It is apparent from the current research that a lot of questions regarding pregnancy and substance abuse remain unanswered. What we can conclude is that the research seems to show that with treatment and proper medical care, the newborns have a fair chance at a healthy life. However, environmental factors play a large role in whether or not the children will be developmentally and educationally successful. In order for children to grow up to be contributing members of society, there is a continued need for intervention to ensure that the children are living in safe environments free of abuse, neglect, continued abuse of substances by parents, violence, and other dangerous situations. Future research about pregnancy and substance abuse is needed, specifically as it applies to longer term treatment outcomes. There has been some research on short term outcomes, such as treatment completion; however, it would be beneficial to conduct longitudinal studies to show how cessation, treatment, support systems, and environmental factors effect the outcome of the substance abused child later in childhood and adolescence. Most importantly, we can conclude from the findings of research that policies at treatment facilities should be in place to ensure that pregnant women have priority when entering treatment in compliance with federal and state regulations. Employees at treatment facilities should be specifically trained in the area of pregnancy, so that they are more able to assist women in making a better life for themselves and their future families. Ultimately, the goal of substance abuse treatment facilities should be to give pregnant patients priority, as well as to give them knowledge, skills, and tools needed to provide their children with a life free of substance abuse, criminal behavior, violence, and other environmental factors that will contribute to the continuation of the cycle of self destruction by substance abuse. With the collaboration of community resources, the proper training of employees at treatment facilities, and the emphasis of quick entry into treatment for pregnant patients, women and their children will have a better chance at productive and safe lives.