California Pizza Kitchen Essay

A company’s strategic choices shape how that firm will operate and react to the use of its own resources as well as the affects of external factors. These choices are typically broken down into one of our distinct strategies (cost leadership, differentiation, niche focus, and first mover’s advantage) and applied as management sees fit. In studying California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) literature, one can easily decipher that their main strategy is differentiation with portions of first mover’s advantage tied in. CPK is very open about the approach as menu innovation is one of their key values. Having identified this strategy this paper looks to review this strategy against recently performed SWAT analysis to see how it is affecting CPK’s strategic choices. It will discuss whether those strategic choices remaining in line with its differentiation strategy. Additionally, this case study will determine whether the differentiation strategy and CPK’s strategic choices create competitive advantages or are they creating weakness that need to be addressed and countered with some of CPK’s strengths. Finally, a brief discussion on CPK’s mission and vision will be incorporated against the findings to determine what CPK is doing right and what they could possibly change to improve is competitive position. Corporate Strategy Porter tells us that firm’s position themselves by leveraging their strength’s. He argued that strengths ultimately fall into one of two headings: cost advantage and differentiation (Quickmba). CPK chooses and specifically points out differentiation as its main strategy. In its 2009 financial report, CPK states, â€Å"We believe that our concept, attractive price-value relationship and quality of food and service enable us to differentiate ourselves from our competitors†. Differentiation is a competitive business strategy whereby firms attempt to gain a competitive advantage by increasing the perceived value of their products and/or services relative to the perceived value of other firm’s products and services. Implementation of differentiation strategy means that the value is provided to customers through unique features and characteristics of the company’s products as opposed to the lowest price. A successful differentiation strategy will create customer value that is perceived as such by its customers. Differentiated goods and services satisfy the needs of customers through a sustainable competitive advantage. CPK differentiates itself through product quality through the use of quality ingredients, menu design and innovation, and expanded services and offerings beyond their main dining experience. This all falls under subcategory of differentiation known as â€Å"Quality Strategy†, which sets CPK apart from its competitors. As a result of this quality, CPK has branded itself through a very loyal customer base that consistently markets for the company through rave reviews and word of mouth advertising. Firms that succeed in differentiation strategy often have the following internal strengths (QuickMBA): †¢ Access to leading scientific research †¢ Highly skilled and creative product development team †¢ Strong sales team with the ability to successfully communicate the perceived strengths of the product †¢ Corporate reputation for quality and innovation Due to high levels of rivalry in the food industry there is always an incentive to be innovative and continuously improve. There is also always the chance that any differentiation could be copied by competitors. Therefore, innovation remains a huge part of CPK’s differentiation strategy as well as one of its core values. As proof of this, CPK literature is littered with the idea of menu innovation, expansion of service options such as the new items, smaller express stores and growth/development in the frozen and fresh foods market in grocery stores. This philosophy is not just talk however. CPK backs this concept with action through the continuous research and evaluation of various food ingredients, products and supplies for consistency and food safety. This research is compared to detailed specifications developed by CPK’s products teams ultimately leading to high food quality standards. As mentioned in this author’s previous studies, this research provides intellectual capital as well as contributes to the innovation capability as CPK remains at the forefront of and often dictates market changes (Haas1). This capability or competitive advantage is what also gives CPK some of its â€Å"First Mover† advantage. CPK operates as one of the pioneers of premium pizza (a niche market). Therefore they were one of the first to develop the products creating benchmark and standards for the market. This provides them with the advantage of potential lower costs (Golder & Teller) from intellectual capital and development experience as well as creates potential barriers for other competitors to switch products. It also gives them early recognition and consumer preference (QuickMBA) reducing the risk of the threat of ubstitution. This further increases the strategy of differentiation as well in that customer’s become attached to CPK’s differentiating attributes. Additionally, because CPK focuses its main products on a niche market (premium pizza), it has been able to continue to sell its products at a more premium price and better absorb the economic upturn of inflation. Strategic Choices The state of the economy, the downsizing of disposable income and the high unemployment have all posed large threats to the full service dining industry. The current economic environment has particularly played into CPK’s strategic choices recently as they have had to compete to maintain revenue, reduce costs and keep customers who are more and more turning to substitutes such as fast food or home cooked meals in an attempt to save money. This has not deterred CPK completely from its differentiation strategy. In fact, Rick Rosenfield (CPK, Co- CEO) stated the company was working to reverse declining sales by offering a new menu (LATimes), again playing on their strength of innovation. However, it has forced CPK to consider other approaches in the way that the attack the market and expand their business. This gives CPK an opportunity to address one of its major weaknesses at the same time. CPK has over 40% of its stores located in California. This has created a lack of geographical diversification. Therefore CPK is looking to expand beyond California and has even looked to go outside the US as it believes its full-service restaurants will continue to represent the majority of revenue growth in the near term. This expansion plays into CPK’s innovative approach to business. For the most part CPK’s management has looked to expand revenues through new markets and menu options. However, the economic downturn has forced CPK to look internally to reduce cost as a means to maintain or increase revenue. Therefore, CPK has decide to not only look at foreign markets as a way to diversify its revenue stream but it will also leverage its brand name and reputation through is expanding in existing markets to consolidate marketing, human resource and supply chain costs. These choices are a good start, however CPK’s sales have been down and the diversity of the market has not helped CPK to recover its losses. Because CPK works with higher quality ingredients and unique menu items which change regularly there is less room for supply chain cost reduction. The innovative approach that makes CPK unique and differentiates it from its competitors could also potentially be preventing it from reducing costs and improving operational efficiencies. It acts almost as a â€Å"Catch 22† if you will. Further, CPK run the potential pitfalls of risk listed below (Openlearningworld. com): †¢ Customers may decide cost of uniqueness is too high †¢ Means of differentiation no longer provides value to customers †¢ Customers learning may reduce customer’s perception of company’s differentiation †¢ Counterfeit goods convey the same differentiation at a discounted price Ultimately this forces CPK to continue to increase value to customers by means of reducing prices, adding product features without raising prices or developing better efficiency in its value chain. Mission and Vision As described in previous research (Haas2), CPK does not formally identify its mission and vision by these names, therefore some interpretation is required for anyone looking for such designation. CPK intends to be the leader in authentic California-style cuisine and to be widely known for its innovative menu items. To achieve this, CPK intends to provide a range of creative dishes, from signature California-style hearth baked pizzas, creative salads, pastas, soups and sandwiches to extensive beer and wine lists with a full bar. In Part 1, Item 1, Business of the 2009 annual report readily identifies the company’s objectives, as: â€Å"To extend our leadership position in the restaurant and premium pizza market by selling innovative, high quality pizzas in addition to creative salads, distinctive pastas and related products and by providing exceptional customer service, thereby building a high degree of customer loyalty, brand awareness and superior returns for our stockholders† To reach these objectives, We (CPK) plan to increase our market share by expanding our restaurant base in new and existing markets, leveraging our partnerships in non-traditional and retail channels and offering innovative menu item. † Reviewing these statements reaffirm that CPK has a solid mission and vision that incorporate its corporate strategy very well. Innovation and quality are the cornerstones of CPK’s mission which are fundamental factors in a strong differentiation strategy. However, CPK must be care not to become so focused on its current strategy that is forgets to measure pressures of external forces as well as the need for cost reduction that are weighing heavily in its business and profits. Without careful consideration of competitors, economic factors and internal stresses CPK may be forced to look elsewhere for funding which it has considered recently in its attempt to shop the company to new external buyers. It is suggested that CPK look carefully at its current strategy as compared to that of its competitors to see if it can better leverage its internal strengths and potential for operational efficiencies because price may be the ultimate downfall as many competitors are finding ways to incentivize customer value through lower prices, additional options or more product for the same price to maintain customer base. This could be a battle that CPK could fail at if it does not keep pace or find a way to show consumers its value.

Proving Establish Liability For Each Offence Essay

Archie is employed to protect the pheasants on Lord Melchett’s estate from poachers. On day, from a distance he sees Liam and Craig on the estate and, knowing them to be poachers, he decides to ‘rid himself of the problem for all time’ and fires his shotgun at them. Both Liam and Craig are only wounded, however, but do need to be taken to hospital for treatment. On the way to the hospital, the brakes on the ambulance fail, it leaves the road and overturns on a bend and Liam dies in the accident. With reference to the case situation above, discuss, using decided cases to support you arguments: a) The offences, if any, with which Archie could be charged and what the prosecution would need to prove to establish liability for each offence; (20) b) And whether you think Archie would be convicted of any offence. (5) a. In relation to the death of Liam, there is the possibility that Archie would be charged under homicide. Archie carried out the apt actus reus of homicide, whereby he has committed an unlawful killing in the Queen’s peace in the county of the realm and death occurs within 1 year and 1 day. Although Liam died only in the accident, the main cause for his death was Archie shooting at him. As such, Archie has provided for the cause in fact, according to the ‘but-for’ test, where if but-for Archie, Liam would not have died. Contrary to R v. White, where the defendant’s mother died not from his poisoned drink but from a heart attack, Archie caused Liam’s death. Furthermore, Archie also undertakes the cause in law, as Liam’s wound is both substantive and operative. This is because it was Archie’s action that caused the injury (substantive) and this injury was still present at the time of Liam’s death (operative), as in R v. Malcherek & Steel, where it was held that original injuries were still an operative cause of victim’s death. However, it may be argued that a Novus Actus Intervenis, an intervening event, caused Liam’s death and that Archie is not the main cause. This is only partially true, as the ambulance’s break failure was the last event of the chain of causation and causing Liam’s death. Yet, Archie can still be held liable if it can be established that there was a break in the chain of causation, however, there is none. Thus, the ambulance accident was merely a negligent contribution, as in R v. Benge, and Archie’s act is the cause of Liam’s death. According to the mens rea of murder, proof of intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm must be shown, as established in R v. Moloney, holding that intention may be inferred from the defendant’s foresight of consequences. Here, the charge will depend on Archie’s intention, which might be deduced from the words that he muttered: ‘rid himself of the problem for all time’. As such, Archie knew the consequences of his actions, and had an intention to carry it out. Yet if this is the case, it must also be considered why Archie didn’t actually carry out his apparent intention, to ‘rid himself of the problem for all time’, as he did not actually ‘get rid of’ (ie. kill) them. However, if this is not the case, it can be said that Archie’s intention can be found if he foresaw death or GBH as a virtually certain consequence, as in R v. Woollin. It is also not known where and the number of times Archie shot at Liam and Craig, as this would confer an indication of any considerable intention. If Archie’s shooting was limited, perhaps one or two in the leg, then it can be said he had no intention to kill, but just an intention to frighten. If he only had an intention to frighten, then his act is already an unlawful act in itself, as it is dangerous and is foreseeable to cause harm. This is true with Archie, and he also had the intention to commit the unlawful act, as in R v. Lamb, where the defendant did not have the mens rea to kill, but only to shoot the gun. Archie’s act was also dangerous, likewise in R v. Church where it was held that ‘dangerous’ would mean a reasonable man realizing the risk of creating some harm. In DPP v. Newbury & Jones, it is said that if the accused â€Å"intentionally commits a dangerous and unlawful act, causing harm or incidentally, the death, of another†, he is then guilty of constructive murder. Therefore, in relation to Liam’s death, Archie can be liable for constructive manslaughter. In relation to the injuries sustained by Craig, there is the possibility that Archie will be charged under Section 20 of the Offences Against Persons Act 1861. The actus reus required here is merely wounding, as defined in JJC v. Eisenhower as â€Å"breaking of the skin†(skin here meaning any surface of the human body) or inflicting grievous bodily harm. The mens rea necessary includes a malicious intention and a foresight of physical harm. This foresight must involve the possibility of some physical harm to a person, as in R v. Mowatt. Archie, thus fulfills both the actus reus and mens rea for S20 of the OAPA. However, Archie may also be charged under Section 47 and Section 42. Under S47, Craig has to be seen to have sustained â€Å"actual bodily harm†, defined in R v. Miller as â€Å"any harm calculated to interfere with person’s health and comfort.† Under S42, Archie has to be seen to â€Å"put another person in fear of immediate personal violence† and has â€Å"touched another without their consent.† If this can be established, Archie would be liable for Section 20 (Offence involving wounding/GBH), Section 47 (Common assault, battery & GBH) and Section 42 (Assault & battery) of the Offences Against Persons Act 1861. b. In the case of Liam’s death, Archie would be charged for murder. However, this is rather difficult to prove, as the mens rea required for murder involves proof of intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm as established in R v. Moloney. Thus, he would not be convicted of murder, but rather involuntary manslaughter, with constructive liability. As for Craig’s injuries, Archie would be charged under Section 20 of the OAPA. Further charges might include Sections 47 and 42. The conviction under Section 20 is undeniable, but for Section 47 and 42, it is only highly plausible.

Coefficient of Friction

Coefficient of Friction Lab Abstract The resisted force that acted along the tangent of two surfaces that were in contact was called friction. Friction was opposed to motion, and it acted in the opposite direction, where the surface of the object slid against the surface of the other object. The two types of friction that exist were called static friction and kinetic friction. When two surfaces are at rest with each other, but a push is caused to convey one of the surfaces to slide over the other was called static friction.However, the friction that was used in the lab was kinetic friction. Kinetic friction occurred when two surface were moving with contact to each other. The coefficient of kinetic friction is a constant shown as ? k. The kinetic frictional force (fk) was given by the following equation: (fk= ? kN), where N represented the normal force, which was the force that each body exerts on the other body, and acts perpendicular to each surface. The way that friction force is calculated is by the followed calculation: Ff=? FN, where (? ) was the coefficient of friction and (FN) was the normal force.Now in order to pinpoint the force of friction, the coefficient of friction should be figured out first. Now the way that the coefficient of friction was retrieved, the tension force (FT) was divided by the weight (Fg). An inclined plane that has an angle of ? was adjusted as shown in the following diagram: 2 If the block was placed on the plane, and the angle was slowly increased, the block would have began to slip at some angle. Now the normal force (N) acted perpendicularly to the plane, and a component of the weight of the block, acted in the opposite direction.Though when the angle is increased, the more force it took for the block to slide against another surface. So as the angle was increased, the friction cultivates, but when the angles decreased, so did the friction. 1 Now some of the factors that can affect friction are the body surfaces. For the fri ction depends on the smoothness of the surface where the objects have touched. Now with the smoothness only to a degree has made friction decrease. Friction never depended on the amount of surface that there was given, but it does depend on the magnitude of forces holding the bodies. 1Methods Inclined plane was placed at a zero angle position so the pulley protrudes over the table edge Mass of the wooden block was determined to the nearest tenth of a gram. String was attached to the wooden block, over the pulley and to the weight of the hanger. Orientation of the string was adjusted so that it was parallel to the plane. The planes have differed in their smoothness. Surface must clean and dry. Masses were added to the hanger until the wooden block moved at constant velocity after it was tapped lightly. The total weight (FT) was recorded in the table for data. The result of the weight hangers and the masses on the hangers was total force pulling. All weights are in the proper units (N ewtons)). By have added different masses on top of the wooden block (Fg), step 4 was repeated for several different total weights. Plane must be inclined at some angle between five and twenty degrees. Step 4 was repeated. Total weight was recorded. This was the tension (FT) at angle ?. Investigation was continued by an additional experiment that was planned, which compared how the angle affected the coefficient of friction.(An extra table must be included on this data. Data Analysis OFg(block)=FNFT(force of g on masses)=N ? 0328g=3. 2144N1. 4N. 44 0351. 8g=3. 44764N1. 4N. 41 0540. 9g=5. 3N1. 5N. 28 0573. 8g=5. 6N1. 7N. 30 0614g=6. 0N1. 9N. 32 0611. 4g=6. 5N1. 9N. 29 5 20 degreesF_gF_NActualTheoreticalAverage 153283. 2N2. 1N1. 9N0. 34 10368. 63. 6N1. 6N1. 8N0. 34 Sample Calculations: Sample calculation for Force in Newtons for Fg: 328(0. 001)(9. 8)=3. 2N Sample calculation for  µ: (FT/Fg)=1. 4/3. 2=. 44 Percent errors: Percent error for 15? :(|1. 9-2. 1|)/1. 9 x 100=10. 5% Percent error for 10? :(|1. 8-1. 6|)/1. 8 X 100=11. % Discussion The computed theoretical value of FT was slightly off for both 10 &15 degrees. The resulted percent error for 10? was just slightly over 11% and for 15? it was a bit over 10%. The outcomes could have been different due to the fact of friction, which could have not been calculated correctly when the block had faultless constant velocity, however, the values were nearly related. Now the relationships between the graphs shown above seems to prove that the variables which are indicated seem to be directly proportional to each other and the graphs, â€Å"†Force vs.Coefficient of Friction† & â€Å"Force of Block vs. Force of Tension are very similar. † It seems to be that the block was conveying at a constant speed in order to have given calculated the friction precisely. Now if the block were not to be moving with constant velocity then friction wouldn’t be steady, and if it wasn’t then there was n ot an precise calculation for the coefficient of friction. Now not having a smooth surface can cause an error, which causes the block to decrease and speed up. Now in order to repair this error, there must be a real smoothed surface where the experiment will be performed.The string sticking on to the pulley can be know as another error because it could cause the movement of the block not to be smooth as it would be predicted in this experiment. The solution of this error would be to put something on the string, so that it may slide efficiently. Conclusion The conclusion of this experiment seems that everything seems to be similar and in order. The percent errors that was given for 10? was 11. 1% and the percent error for 15? was 10. 5%, meaning that the theoretical value and actual value for the tension were nearly the same. Now the average value for the coefficient of friction ( µ) was 0. 34.

Peer review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Peer review - Article Example The broader goal of public health officials is to ensure health information is communicated in a way that various individuals and the society at large, easily interpret it (Kass, 2001). The health departments as well as the state public health agencies, have customarily disseminated their findings, especially those that threaten the public health, and surveillance data through reviewed public journals and reports. The particular study has focused on establishing a basic foundation of academic knowledge that relates the extent to which public health officials are effective to promote health information among the community and thereby, improve community’s welfare. With the help of this literature foundation, the researcher will get in depth knowledge in enhancing research area and will be able to understand critical perspective as well. According to (Goodman et al. 1994), public health communication is a technique of influencing, informing and motivating public audience about the important health issues and sufficient solution. The IOM defines public health as â€Å"what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the condign in which people can live a healthy life†. Further, Arendt (2008) opined that, public health communication is a scientific approach that provides strategic dissemination and critical evaluation to communicate health related information. Public health communication includes numerous disciplines such as, mass speech communication, public relation, informatics and ecological perspective. Public health officials, in exploiting there communication roles, can also act participate in advocacy and persuasion efforts. The officials have compelling responsibilities within their various jurisdictions to involve in bureaucratic activities that guarantees public safety and health. In addition to advocacy, public health officials are mandated with the task of promoting and

What role does the media play in highlighting environmental concerns Essay

What role does the media play in highlighting environmental concerns and shaping decision-making - Essay Example Merskin (2001), media is a unique presentation mode, which tends to fulfil various psychological functions that are helpful for communicating messages within the parties. In this present day context, wherein the entire world is experiencing increased level of globalisation, gaining momentum of liberalisation along with internationalisation and application of innovative technologies, the role of media has increased its significance as compared to the earlier years. It would be vital to mention in this similar concern that media often plays a constructive role in this modern society in the form of raising greater public awareness regarding any particular issue and most vitally, gathering viewpoints, attitudes as well as information towards such issues. It is strongly believed that media is regarded as amidst the most persuasive communication tools, which display the real stage of community (Dwivedi & Pandey, 2013; Duhe, 2007). The diverse forms of media encompasses magazines, newspapers and books, internet medium, radios and televisions among others, which can further be categorised as the print media, electronic media and web media (The University of Iowa, n.d.). These diverse sorts of media are often acknowledged as mass media and are frequently utilised with the aim of disseminating various valuable information. It has been apparently observed that various organisations belonging to this modern day context and the governmental agencies or departments often use the above-discussed mass media forms quite extensively. It is worth mentioning in this similar regard that modern organisations generally tend to advertise their wide assortment of products and/or services through dissimilar forms of social media that comprise magazines and internet medium among others. On the other hand, the governmental agencies or departments generally use the above discussed mass media forms in order to deliver information ab out the respective governmental policies along with

The Anglo-Saxon Invasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Anglo-Saxon Invasion - Essay Example Therefore, when the army left the place, then the Roman-British people did not have anything except to use their own methods and weapons to protect themselves; later on they started relying on Saxon for their protection. The years after the down fall of the Roman government in Britain in the early years of the fifth century and the arrival of St Augustine at the end of the sixth were the period of momentous revolutionize. During that era, the material character of the nation and their language and institutions were completely altered. The Celtic British was replaced by the Germanic people and were able to become the majority of the lowland Britain. Celtic or Latin dialects and the more centrally governed Roman provinces were replaced by Germanic dialects and loose knit & feuding hereditary kingships respectively. This transition was not recorded properly as Germanic immigrants were neither literate nor religious. The Jutland is now called Denmark. Initially the people of the Jutland were farmers. The land of the Jutland was not feasible for farming purposes or fertile; therefore, they decided to find a new land where they could cultivate their grains. When they were searching for a new land, they reached a place called Anglo-Saxon England; they saw that this place is not only good for food purposes but also for other sources of income. They started raiding on this place by using the famous longboats. Therefore, we can say that the Vikings not only raid for food but for other valuables such as gold and expensive manuscripts. After the several years of their rule, the Vikings era came to an end when Earl Godwin pressured the Witan to select a new King from the old Anglo-Saxon Dynasty called Edward. This decision put the Vikings rule to the end but had opened the door for the final early medieval invasion of England. Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest took place right after the Viking invasions. William who wanted to be the King of the region attacked no the Harold's army and became the King of England on 25th December, 1066. Religious History Although the arrival of the Gregorian mission clearly marked a very important stage in the religious history of the Anglo-Saxons and in the production of written records, it is not an ideal point at which to begin an investigation into the history of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. For it is evident that the majority of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were already in existence by 597 and that the complex political pattern of interrelationships and amalgamations which Bede reveals in his Ecclesiastical

Models for Community and Individual Health Promotion Assignment

Models for Community and Individual Health Promotion - Assignment Example He as an individual might decide to help them, but such a behavior as smoking is a very addictive behavior which requires one to have the will of taking the necessary measures to quit smoking. This is a process that is not expected to be smooth running, but as long as the victim is willing then it will be easy to him or her stop the behavior (Edberg, 2010). One of the community models used to support health behavior is the Diffusion of Innovation Theory. It is easy for people to prevent themselves from getting sick by taking precautionary measures like washing your hands before eating or even after visiting the toilet. Some of the major diseases that really affect people and can easily kill; diseases like cancer, diabetes, cannot be easily screened, and one needs help from specialists and to then know how to cure it. For this reason, a community takes the initiative to educate its people more about this disease, their symptoms and where to get help from incase you are infected (Orleans, 2008). The Stage Change model helps one know that it is only you who has the full control of your life and that one is willing to leave a positive and healthy life. One can give you advise, and even avail the best clinics for you in order for you to for instance quit smoking but unless you are willing this is not possible (Gochman, 2011). This theory appreciates the spread of word and information in that, information can reach a lot of people and be helpful to the community. This is through schools, churches and such like places (Gochman,

European Union and Free Movement of Labour Essay

European Union and Free Movement of Labour - Essay Example However, in wider political terms, the tolerance of the principle of free labour movement is an important signal of a willingness to treat the citizens of one EU member state as welcome within any other' (Wallace 2004: 3). In the last couple of decades, EU labour migration policies have been largely aimed at preventing labour migration from outside while encouraging labour mobility inside. The eastern enlargement of the EU presents a case whereby, according to the logic of enlargement, nationals coming from the accession states would be treated more like members and would be allowed access to the EU labour market. An increasing migration trend since the 1990s has been the search for temporary--as opposed to permanent--migration, especially from the CEE countries. This kind of migration does not involve residential settlement and does not pose a burden on the welfare states in Western Europe--short-term, income-seeking migrants will usually not draw any public welfare provisions they are entitled to receive (such as medical insurance, social security and unemployment benefits) from the home country. The great majority of Poles, Czechs and Hungarians who contemplate possibilities for migration think of it as a supplement to (not replacement of) their home-country earnings (Morawska 2000). The trend towards temporary migration is demonstrated in a May 2001 survey on labour movement from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria after accession. Twelve per cent of them intended to work for longer than two years and 13 per cent to settle permanently (CEORG 2001). These forms of mig ration target the country of origin in the end, because the transfers of money and skills emanating from these movements are, in turn, leading to further economic growth within the sending countries (Langewiesche 2000: 15). An increasing tendency in Eastern Europe is incomplete migration' (Okolski 2001). This is a form of mass mobility of very short duration, often documented as tourism, which involves petty trade in cross-border regions. Although the expansion of the EU towards the east will create immigration to the EU member states, it will not lead to significant numbers of immigrants from the new states. A study conducted by the European Integration Consortium at the request of the Employment and Social Affairs Directorate General of the European Commission on the impact of eastern enlargement on employment and wages in the EU concludes that one should not fear massive immigration. According to the study, the number of foreign residents from the CEE countries in the EU would increase annually by around 335,000 immediately after the introduction of free movement of persons. The issue of free movement of labour became prominent during the negotiations for accession between the EU and Greece, Portugal and Spain in the 1980s. It resulted in transition periods for the mobility of labour. Greece joined the European Community in 1981 and only in 1986 was its labour force allowed to move freely in the EU. Spain and Portu gal entered the EU in 1986 with restrictions on labour movement

International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

International Finance - Essay Example The production cycle will remain running smoothly without experiencing any interruptions. The trend of futuristic deals is more prevalent and traditional in the market that works to sell and purchase financial instruments. The future contracts are more formal in nature and it is often considered unacceptable, if a party wants to break the contract or simply opt not to perform its contractual duties. The disadvantaged party reserves the right to take the matter into a court of law in response to the breach of a future contract (Moosa & Bhatti, 2009). The shares and bonds are purchased with the help of future contracts because it allows the purchaser to hedge against the possibility of higher price of the same instrument at a future date. The seller on the other hand tends to manage the risk of falling prices in the future by securing a deal in the present on a reasonable return rather than waiting for the actual market situation to emerge in the future (Pilbeam, 2010). Another interesting fact should be kept in mind that senior and experienced investors and businessmen do not enter into future contracts due to their formal nature but they tend to use options instead. The options are favored because of their informal nature and they can also be broken by paying modest mutually settled fees. In the case of future contracts, the ramifications of nonperformance are more severe in nature due to strict legality of the contract. Additionally, future contracts are entered by those investors and businessmen who do not want to take the pressure of facing market risks at a specific period of time and therefore, look and plan to safeguard their interests beforehand (Baillie & McMahon, 1989). The investors of abovementioned mindset safeguard their stance against rising prices but they also forego potential benefit that they may reap if the price of the instrument drops in

Belle Gunness-A Female Serial Killer Research Paper

Belle Gunness-A Female Serial Killer - Research Paper Example Little is known of the early life of Gunness, and reports that do exist are conflicted. Some report that Belle Gunness was born Bella Poulsdatter in Trondhjeim, Norway (Geringer). Other reports have Belle Gunness born as Brynhild Poulsdatter Storset in Selbu, Norway (Gibson 36). Most biographers, according to author Dirk Cameron Gibson, agree that her date of birth was November 11, 1859, in or around Lake Selbu, Norway, as well as the fact that she was raised without much money (36). It is also agreed that Belle, then Bella, emigrated from Norway to the United States between 1881 and 1884 by courtesy of her elder sister, who sent her money for passage as well as offered her houseroom upon her arrival in Illinois (36). It does appear that the first few years in America were happy ones. She Americanized her name to Belle and married her first husband, Mads Sorenson, along with bearing him four children, with only two living past infancy (Jones 157). The couple owned a candy store, but the popular saying goes that â€Å"it only turned a profit after it burned to the ground† (Jones 158). In addition, two of the houses the couple owned also burned (Geringer). All carried insurance policies, which the couple collected, as the insurance companies were never able to find exactly what started the fires (Jones 158). They were also unable to prove that the fires had been started intentionally (Jones 158). Gunness once again had reason to collect insurance in 1900. Mads Sorenson suddenly died on July 30, 1900 in a â€Å"convulsive agony† (Schechter 177). When he was examined by the coroner, he was found to have an enlarged heart, which was noted as his cause of death (Jones 158). Before the cash was finished being counted into her hands, Belle took the insurance money of $8,500 and moved to La Porte, Indiana, with her three children (Geringer). Once in La Porte, it was not long before love, or at least another husband, found

METR Homework 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

METR Homework 2 - Assignment Example Precipitation can fall as rain, hail, snow or sleet. Once precipitation reaches the group, it forms surface water which often ends up in springs, lakes, rivers, ocean, sea and even underground water. Low, thick clouds reflect solar radiation thus cool the surface of the Earth. High, thin clouds transmit incoming solar radiation. They also entrap some of the outgoing infrared radiation released by the Earth and emit it back downward (Hobbs 67). This warms the earth surface. Ocean, sea and lake surfaces and rain forests have low albedos; they reflect only a small percentage of the suns energy. Deserts, ice, and clouds, however, have high albedos; they reflect a large percentage of the suns energy. Low or high albedo may result into either high or low temperature in an area. The greenhouse effect often produced by greenhouse gases is also brought about by clouds which absorb long wavelength (infrared) radiation from the surface of the earth radiating some of it back down. Additionally the re-radiation of infrared radiation from the Earths surface may simply reflect it back to the surface. This essentially is the electromagnetic radiation of the earth surface which affects the local temperature of an area. Cloud greenhouse forcing effect can cause temperatures of an area to increase. Its negative causes the opposite. Aerosol serve as nuclei for cloud formation, the diagram above shows basic outlook of the processes involved in the production, growth, and eventual removal of atmospheric aerosol particles. Aerosols act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei, cloud droplets are formed through this nucleus. Aerosols also affect the quality of clouds. Studies have shown that high amounts of aerosols in the clouds will cause more than normal droplets in the clouds. Regions in North and South America have high citrus clouds. Reflection, absorption and transmission of cirrus clouds layers in the near infrared wavelength and the visible have been reported by a number of

Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Essay Example for Free

Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Essay (According to â€Å"According to What Is The Difference Between The Direct Method And The Indirect Method For The Statement Of Cash Flows? (2004-2014),) â€Å"The main difference between the direct method and the indirect method involves the cash flows from operating activities, the first section of the statement of cash flows. (There is no difference in the cash flows reported in the investing and financing activities sections.) Under the direct method, the cash flows from operating activities will include the amounts for lines such as cash from customers and cash paid to suppliers. In contrast, the indirect method will show net income followed by the adjustments needed to convert the total net income to the cash amount from operating activities. The direct method must also provide a reconciliation of net income to the cash provided by operating activities. This is done automatically under the indirect method. Nearly all corporations prepare the statement of cash flows using the indirect method.† The reason for financial accounting standards board allows both methods are simple. Both statements of cash flow preparation methods are allowable under basic accounting standards. â€Å"The Financial Accounting Standards Board, however, prefers the direct method for the statement of cash flows. FASB prefers the method because business stakeholders find the statement easier to read than the indirect statement of cash flows. Companies prefer the indirect method as it is easier to prepare since the financial information is already at hand. Companies can include disclosures with either the direct or indirect statement of cash flows. These disclosures can detail any non-cash financing and investing activities. FASB often requires disclosures with the statement of cash flows. Companies can prepare a secondary statement noting any significant non-cash activities for stakeholders† (Direct Vs. Indirect Cash Flow Method, 1999-2014). References What is the difference between the direct method and the indirect method for the statement of cash flows? (2004-2014). Retrieved from http://www.accountingcoach.com Direct vs. Indirect Cash Flow Method. (1999-2014). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com

Approaches To Political Science

Approaches To Political Science During the post- World War II period the predominant impetus that gave augmentation to behaviouralism as an approach to political science was the end of colonialism, and the subsequent birth of many new nation states. There was a general consensus that political science had to get into the game and offer assistance for national development if it was to be relevant to the contemporary world (Pye: 2006, p.799). Kavanagh (1983, p.196) believes that this was driven partly by impatience, growing during the inter-war years, with a perceived preoccupation with formal structures and institutions. Many histories of political science agree that the multi-dimensional and contradictory nature of politics has resulted in relative difficulty in establishing a clear definition of behaviouralism. As Waldo (1975, p. 58) specified whilst writing about the emergence of behaviouralism, what happened wascomplicated and somewhat obscure. Almost all those who endeavour to define behaviouralism acknowledge that every man puts his own emphasis and thereby becomes his own behaviouralist (Easton: 1962 p. 9) and attempts at coming to any complete definition of behaviouralism are probably futile given the diversity of those who followed its banner (Seidelman and Harpham: 1985 p. 151). However, for the purpose of this essay the behaviouralist approach will be defined as an attempt to improve our understanding of politics by seeking to explain the empirical aspects of political life by means of methods, theories, and criteria of proof that are acceptable according to the canons conventions and assumptions of modern empirical science (Dahl: 1961 p.767). The behaviouralistic revolution has had a substantial involvement in the evolution of political science, in which its scientific methodology and value centred approach (Sharma and Sharma: 2003, p.377) has influenced the subject matter and form of political science. Behaviouralism incorporates four foundational assumptions. Firstly, that there are discoverable uniformities in political behaviour commonly referred to as the regularity principle. Attempts to develop generalizations about political behaviour, i.e. to advance hypothesis about the relationships to discover uniformities or regularities or laws (Van Dyke: 1960, p.159). Secondly, behaviouralism dictates that the use empirical data is imperative for the means of maintaining a scientific approach to the study of politics (Brown: 2011). Thirdly, that there is a clear distinction between values and facts. A clear delineation between values and facts as well as, perhaps most importantly, the belief that facts remain neutral between various theories (Brown: 2011, p.2). Lastly, theories should be capable of being tested against observations. Crucially, genuinely explanatory theories must be capable of generating empirical predictions that can be tested against observation (Saunders: 2010, p.52 ). Theoretically at best behavioural research can produce a substantial theoretical and empirical contribution to the understanding and explanation of social behaviour (Sharma and Sharma: 2003, p.380). However, as I will discuss the full application of these assumption is rarely applied. For its advocates, behaviouralism has a number of advantages over other approaches to the study of political science. Possibly the least controversial assertion made on the approachs behalf was that it broadened the scope of political science, loosening previous constraints. Behaviouralism diverted attention away from conventionally legalistic study of constitutions and political institutions towards the political activities of real individuals in all stages of political science perhaps the least controversial claim made on the approchs behalf was that it widened the scope of poltical science. Behaviouralism, argue its champion, focused attention away from traditionally legalistic study of political institutions and consitutions towards the political actions of real people in all levels of political sceience developments in computer hardware and software has enabled the collection and processing of enormous quantities of data a behavioural emphasis is central to teh study of elctions and voting, perhaps the best known and most publiced mainfestation off the study of politics This essay will be split up into 3 parts, critically assessing why behaviouralism is an inadequate approach to the study of political science. Firstly, the essay will argue that an attachment to positivism is an inherent weakness in behaviouralism. Secondly, the essay will argue that both methodological potholes and maintaining subjectivity, challenge the impartiality of data collection, inclusion, and interpretation. Thirdly, the essay will explain why politics is not a natural science, focusing on variations in governance and human behaviour throughout the world. Positivism as a feature of Behaviouralism Positivism is a paradigm which states that all true knowledge is scientific in which all things are ultimately measurable (Brown: 2011, p.3). It is a notion intrinsically related to reductionism, in that both encompass the opinion that entities of one kind () are reducible to entities of another (Kim: 1965, p.318). As positivism is value free it contrasts with normative theory by providing descriptive rather than prescriptive statements. The first major critique of the behaviouralist approach is the opinion that it is inextricably linked to positivism, where it is reasoned that there is little to no room for normative discourse. The cost of the scientific identity to the discipline has been the marginalization of normative political theory (Duvall: 1998, p.1). In fact, positivism calls for an end to normative theory since it did not assist an empirical approach to the study of political science. However, countless scholars regard positivism with disdain, believing it to be adequate reason for the rejection of behaviouralism as a study of political science. Mises (1951) believes that positivism bares three major flaws, which collectively undermine its credibility within any concept, particularly behaviouralism. Behaviouralism complicated link with positivism has meant the political school of thought remains vulnerable to positivist criticisms (Sharma and Sharma: 2003, p.380). Firstly, normative discourse is largely discounted in the behaviouralist approach due to the fact that it cannot be defined by empirical or definitional statements. Similarly, under stringent positivist conditions there is no role for aesthetic and moral arguments, as these are not limited to empirical and definitional statements. Furthermore, there can be no role for the sort of hermeneutic analysis that attempts to understand understand social behaviour through deep reflection about the nature of human perceptions, thought processes and motivations (Sanders: 2010, p.51). If positivism seeks to reject these methods of reflection, the argument runs, it must be at fault. Whilst empiricism results in exactness it also has the additional value of instigating empirically falsifiable hypothesis, therefore it is contented that this dismissal of normative discourse is perilous. Sanders (2010, p.51) explained that the large class of statements that positivism labels as meaningless in fact contain many ideas that can add very significantly to our understanding of social behaviour and the human condition. Although I accept that the rejection of normative theory is paramount to maintaining a neutral inquiry. I believe that the failure to use deductive inquiry discredits the productiveness of behaviouralism in understanding the more subtle workings of the political world. Therefore it is argued that positivists underestimate the intricate relationships between theory and observation, particula rly in separating the effects of phenomena that are interrelated (Sharma and Sharma: 2003, p.379). Secondly, positivism is attacked on the basis of its exclusivity, and the assumption that the study of politics can be emulated by the study of natural science in order to successfully explain social phenomena. For example, one is unable to empirically research the relevant processes that lead to women often failing to ascertain top jobs within business. A positivist would only stick with what can be empirically established, rather than engage in more abstract theoretical reflection. As a direct result positivism fails to acknowledge the spatial trends, processes and intricacies which are involved in socioeconomic and political workings of life (Cloke, Philio and Sadler: 1992 p.15). Kavanagh (1983, p.192) agrees with this stating, normative theory always contains an element of the potential, and its validity is not in any way vitiated by people behaving differently from the pattern lai d down in the theory. Thirdly, positivists are criticised for their autonomy, they argue that science should be neutral, value free and objective. Critics of positivism believe that this creates a false sense of objectivity by artificially separating the observer from the observed, denying the existence of strong correspondence links (ibid, p.14). It is therefore argued that any weakness inherent in positivism must also therefore be inherent in behaviouralism (Sanders: 2010 p.51) and ultimately this acts as a fundamental anchor in the paradigm. Can the study of politics be value free? One of the initial assertions of the early behaviouralists was that hypothetical understanding could only be attained through a process of enquiry that began with theory-free observation of all the facts up to now and which then derived law-like generalizations inductively from the empirical regularities that were observed (Sanders: 2010, p.50). According to behaviouralists researchers take great troubles in order to assert the value free nature of their approach to the study of political science (Bay: 1965) and as result the political analyst is concerned with a scientific study of politics in its functional aspects. As such he has nothing to do with values or morals (Jayapalan: 2002, p.82). Theoretically the scientific methodological approach used in behaviouralism should produce theories and observations which remain unbiased, with a neutral point of view. However, in reality both methodological potholes and pseudo-ethical neutrality compromise the impartiality of empiricism, chal lenging the quality of research and observation. As a result, many critics of behaviouralism have identified numerous problems surrounding the collection, inclusion and interpretation of data, believing them to act as a critical shortcoming of the behaviouralistic approach. Huron (2000, p.3) believes that these fallacies, problems, biases, and effects that scholars have, over the centuries, recognized as confounding the conduct of good research. Although I acknowledge that these problems are not unique to behavioralism, as they affect every study of political science. I believe it is imperative to discuss them as they cause the behaviourists claim of objectivity to be problematic. Ultimately, this weakens the validity of behaviouralism as an approach to the study of political science. Methodological potholes Firstly, a lack of researcher neutrality and objectivity during data collection undermines the consistency and strength of empiricism. Proponents of a perspective may provide asymmetrical (one-sided) information, offering evidence that supports their conclusions while ignoring or suppressing other information (Litman: 2012, p.3). Cloke, Philio and Sadler (1992, p.18) refer to this concept as selective empiricism, in which researchers are able to cherry-pick data in order to obtain favourable outcomes. Questions can be defined, statistics selected and analysis structured to reach a desired outcome (Litman, 2012 p.12). For example, as researchers endeavour to remain policy relevant, this can lead to the production of research that conforms to the priorities of power (Wearing: 2010). Furthermore, the choice of research topics will undoubtedly bare some reflection on the researchers moral and political priorities. Research is framed and conducted is bound to reflect assumptions which wh ether held consciously, semi-consciously or unconsciously remain of a moral and political nature (Wearing: 2010). This selective or crude empiricism negates objectivity and neutrality and results in a lack of uniformity. Therefore, this lack of consistency entirely repudiates the legitimacy of behaviouralism as an adequate approach to the study of political science. Secondly, Sanders (2010) and Easton (1962) have argued that both a tendency towards mindless empiricism (Sanders, 2010, p.52) and a lack of quality empirical data have both undermined the legitimacy of empiricism. Sanders (2010 p.52) has argued that the indiscriminate inclusion of data has caused a situation in which behaviouralist emphasise what can be easily measured rather than what might be theoretically important tending to observe readily observed phenomena (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) rather than the more subtle, and perhaps deeper, structural forces that promote stability and change in social and political systems (Sanders: 2010, p.52-53). Many aspects of political life are subtle and are therefore unquantifiable. For example, the quality of interpersonal relationships between political leaders is not something that one statistically appraise, but yet the extent to which these leaders relate to one another could end up being important as to whether they cooperate. Similarly, Easton (196 2) supports this contention and believes that these more subtle workings of politics coupled with a lack of quality data has resulted in difficultly when using empirically falsifiable methods, and thus it has been suggested that behaviouralists chose their studies based on what is simple to test empirically, and not on the basis of academic worth. Not in light of theoretical or ethical relevance, but largely on grounds of accidental availability of technically adequate means of research (ibid, p.19). Sanders (2010) further supports this contention, asserting that in order to preserve the integrity of behaviouralism, behaviouralists have a tendency to circumvent or reject explanations that cannot be tested empirically. To rectify these issues would necessitate the abandonment of strict empiricism (Easton: 1962, p.19), which in quintessence is the pillar of behaviouralism. Whilst it would undeniable expand the credibility and relevance of the paradigm, abandoning such a fundamental fa cet would act to challenge and circumvent the other criteria that the paradigm necessitates. Ultimately, a deficiency of data combined with gratuitous empiricism suggests that behaviouralism is an incomplete notion; consequently this undermines its credibility as an adequate approach to the study of political science. Different understandings lead to different explanations The initial behaviouralists declared their approach to social enquiry to be both value-free and scientific. They claimed not be seeking to justify any particular ethical or political stance (Sanders: 2010, p.51) but rather sought to uncover the facts through impartial observation and to offer politically-neutral theories that would explain them in the most parsimonious way (ibid). However, as Nietzsche (1880) famously said there are no facts, only interpretations, no more so does this apply than to the interpretation of empirical data. Many critics of behaviouralism believe that different scholars studying the same problem are able to come to different conclusions, this initiated the argument that different understanding leads to different explanations. Be it subconsciously or intentional researchers are able to manipulate observations and theory, this undermines the objectivity of the test. Above all, the researcher himself is influenced to a certain extent, by his value preferences (Jayapalan: 2002, p.83). Many critics adamantly dispute the possibility of researcher neutrality, believing researcher bias to be inevitable. It is contended that objective theory and observation is always impossible, as some level of initial theoretical understanding is needed prior to the researcher deciding what will, and what should be observed. Sibley (1967) concurs with this criticism, and cites that the political investigator, no less than others, must have some notion of his own order of priorities before he proceeds to use the behavioural or any other approach (ibid, p.53). Hollis Smith (1991) support both these statements, explaining that there is no way of relating experience freely of its interpretation There are no brute facts-no facts prior to interpretation (ibid, p.52) Ultimately, it is suggested that researcher impartiality is idealistic and naÃÆ' ¯ve, and even subconsciously researchers are able to influence theory and observation. Marsh and Furlong (2002) sup ports this contention, going further to suggest that this is caused by any knowledge we derive (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) is mediated by the concepts we use to analyse it, so there is no way of classifying, or even describing, experience without interpreting it (ibid, p.23). Ultimately, I believe that a researchers individual experiences and values are inescapable, and thus are inseparable from their research. It this lack of uniformity and neutrality which causes the behaviouralists claims that theory can be objective to be a largely irresolvable weakness. Politics does not emulate the natural sciences In order to theorise the behaviouralist assume generalisations or tendency statements to help study the observed and observable. They believe there to be an expectable pattern in political phenomenon in which the regularity principle can be applied to political behaviour (Jayapalan: 2002). Political scientists operated under the pretence that humankind was perfectible and therefore a dependence on scientific political information would help to solve societal and political troubles indefinitely (Merriam: 1934). To some extent this is true, society and mankind can be predicable. There are many regularities in social life, such as getting out of bed, going to work, or reading a morning paper (Kavanagh: 1983, p.194). However, this is not always the case; both politics and humankind can be highly unpredictable in their nature, encompassing countless unforeseen circumstances and irregularities. Therefore, it is contended that there are no uniformities and laws on human behaviour and political science. . There are no regularities in political reality as it consists largely of unique elements (ibid, p.82). Therefore, it is argued that these unobservable factors and variations in politics throughout the world undermine behaviourism as a study of politics. Behaviouralists exclude the norms of human teleology (Johari: 2006, p.611). Traditionalists believe that as politics and human nature is diverse and complicated, it therefore cannot be generalised by certain pattern and regularities within human behaviour. Thus it is argued that social phenomena are [sic] quite different from natural phenomena and require different strategies of explanation. (Kavanagh: 1983, p.195) Human behaviour is shaped through culture, environment and experiences. It forms unique principles, inspirations and motives which vary from person to person. Thus, I believe that as individualism flourishes, behaviour cannot be categorised and uniformed together as mutuality. It is too easy to speak of a groups or nations behaviour as if it were identical with that of the individual person (Eulau: 1962, p.15). Hindmoor (2006) provides a good example of the unpredictability of human behaviour, finding that large numbers of the electorate, for example, do not vote for parties with policies and strategies that would leave them better off. One explanation for this finding is that voters rationally pursue interests other than their own material wellbeing (ibid, p.52). Yet these ulterior motives are impossible to gauge and quantify, providing yet another shortcoming of behaviouralism. Human ingenuity was always capable of evading them, in which they would lose their validity (Varma: 1979, p. 29). In addition, some aspects are politics are far too complicated and diverse for the use of empiricism. An area where a morally laden approach such as foreign aid is needed causes the behavioural approach to appear inadequate. The behavioural approach is able to deliver reliable knowledge only with regard to political commonplaces or trivia (Easton: 1962 p.19). Johari (2006) goes further, believing that too many inconsistencies and historic contingencies exist within human nature to allow anything but a very general kind of statement of uniformities. Ultimately, modern day politics operates on a global basis encompassing many cultures and forms and styles of government. Therefore, I believe that a major flaw of behaviouralism is that it is too narrow in its approach, ignoring global variations in human behaviour and styles of governance. Behaviouralists are charged with committing crimes of vulgar reductionism (Johari: 2006, p.611), and ultimately this acts as a fundamental a nchor in the paradigm. Conclusion In conclusion, although it is contended by certain scholars that there are some undoubted benefits of a behaviourist approach to the study of political science, the weaknesses contained within the theory are insurmountable. This essay accepts the three key epistemological criticisms of positivism. Firstly, that it marginalises normative and metaphysical discourse; this prevents one from fully understanding the subtle intricacies of politics. Secondly, positivism is challenged on the basis of its exclusivity, which thus fails to recognise the spatial trends, processes and intricacies which are involved in socioeconomic and political workings of life. Thirdly, I reject positivism based upon its autonomy of knowledge, which artificially detaches the observer from the observed. This intrinsic relationship between behaviouralism and positivism has meant that behaviouralism remains susceptible to the criticism of positivism. Therefore on this basis it undermines behaviouralism as an adequa te approach to the study of political science. Furthermore, I reject the regularities principle as a credible feature of behaviourism. Although I have acknowledged that some regularity exists in society, the nature of mankind and politics is largely unpredictable, and cannot be associated with the natural sciences because of this. In addition, although I have accepted that methodological potholes and researcher bias are not unique to just behaviouralism, I believe that they undermine behaviouralisms fundamental aim to remain objective. Ultimately, because of these three reasons I believe behavioralism lacks any real validity as an adequate approach to the study of political science.

Vouchers and School Choice - Opportunity for Success :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

School Choice: Opportunity for Success For some parents, education is highly valued and they can afford high tuition, so they send their children to the private school. Other parents spend more money to move into a community where has good schools. We can call the situations stated above "school choice". However, what we talk here is not the "school choice"; there is another kind of school choice, which all parents can make and do not need to spend more money to move into another community. Generally speaking, children from the high SES family have better opportunities to get appropriate education and succeed in the society. On the other hand, children from the low SES family often face many difficulties in the educational process because of the financial problem and might get less support from their families. Therefore, in my opinion, this is the group that the government need to take care of. We need to provide children from the low SES family with opportunities as much as possible to help them succeed in the school and the society. One of the opportunities we can provide for those children is school choice. Some people argue that they pay high tax to provide quality education for their children, and others do not have the right to share with it. If we follow the system thinking, this belief is a fallacy because we can not separate one from others in a system. In the long run, school choice can create success for children from the low SES family. In other words, if we can help those children succeed in the school and society, they will produce less problems to the society, and we can build up a better environment for everyone. Furthermore, though people pay high tax, they still share the limited resources of the society and the country; they do not pay all what they should pay. There are the rich and poor in the society, and it somehow creates positive and negative cycles. That is, the rich can get better education and have good opportunities to succeed in the society. Vouchers and School Choice - Opportunity for Success :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics School Choice: Opportunity for Success For some parents, education is highly valued and they can afford high tuition, so they send their children to the private school. Other parents spend more money to move into a community where has good schools. We can call the situations stated above "school choice". However, what we talk here is not the "school choice"; there is another kind of school choice, which all parents can make and do not need to spend more money to move into another community. Generally speaking, children from the high SES family have better opportunities to get appropriate education and succeed in the society. On the other hand, children from the low SES family often face many difficulties in the educational process because of the financial problem and might get less support from their families. Therefore, in my opinion, this is the group that the government need to take care of. We need to provide children from the low SES family with opportunities as much as possible to help them succeed in the school and the society. One of the opportunities we can provide for those children is school choice. Some people argue that they pay high tax to provide quality education for their children, and others do not have the right to share with it. If we follow the system thinking, this belief is a fallacy because we can not separate one from others in a system. In the long run, school choice can create success for children from the low SES family. In other words, if we can help those children succeed in the school and society, they will produce less problems to the society, and we can build up a better environment for everyone. Furthermore, though people pay high tax, they still share the limited resources of the society and the country; they do not pay all what they should pay. There are the rich and poor in the society, and it somehow creates positive and negative cycles. That is, the rich can get better education and have good opportunities to succeed in the society.

Am I Me Or Am I Someone Else? Essay -- Psychology, Personality

Who am I? What makes me who I am? My friends would probably say that it’s my genuine nature and compassion that make me who I am. They might also say that I find ways to create my identity without even trying and that I make my own path with my morals as a guide. I’d probably say it’s my dashing good looks, wit, and charm. My experiences, my parents, and my surroundings, have all contributed to establishing my identity. In Derek Parfit’s writings Reasons and Persons and â€Å"Personal Identity,† he discusses his ideas on what would matter most, personal identity or survival, and he claims that it is survival, rather than personal identity that matters. Where Parfit expresses this view, this is where I disagree. I believe that where survival is there must be personal identity. Both should go hand in hand and there is more to personal identity than psychological/bodily continuity. I believe to an extent that Parfit is right in claiming that survival i s what matters, overall it is better to be surviving than physically dead but if your personal identity is gone, doesn’t that make you dead as a person and a new person is in your place? In an article, Derek Parfit argues is that: â€Å"The real reason seems to me now this. Does personal identity just consist in bodily and psychological continuity, or is it a further fact, independent of the facts about these continuities? Our reactions to the ‘problem cases’ show, I believe, that we believe the latter. And we seem inclined to believe that this further fact is peculiarly deep and is all-or-nothing---we believe that in any describable case, it must hold completely or not at all. My main claim is the denial of this further fact† (Robinson). In Reasons and Persons, Parfit makes the claim that pe... ...ontinuous with me is what is important. For me to survive, in the way that matters to Parfit, means that it is enough for someone to inherit enough of my psychological attributes. If two or more people inherit my attributes, that is almost as good as ordinary survival. Although, I would argue that this idea of being the same person is what matters in survival/continued existence. When one is divided, they cease to be. Even though they have remnants of the past them, that doesn’t make it them. Works Cited Fumerton, Richard, and Diane Jeske. Introducing Philosophy Through Film: Key Texts, Discussion, and Film Selections [Paperback]. Print. Parfit, Derek. Personal Identity. The Philosophical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1 (Jan.,197) pp. 3-27. Robinson, John. Personal Identity and Survival. The Journal of Philosophy , Vol. 85, No. 6 (Jun., 1988), pp. 319-328

Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Madness of Hamlet Essay

The Madness of Hamlet    William Shakespeare, in the tragedy Hamlet, designed two characters who exhibit symptoms of madness: Ophelia and the prince. Hamlet states his own madness as intentional, purposeful, for the carrying out of the ghost’s admonition. But does Hamlet’s pretended insanity actually touch on real, actual insanity from time to time, or is it consistent? Phyllis Abrahms and Alan Brody in â€Å"Hamlet and the Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy Formula† consider the madness of the hero to be completely feigned and not real: Hamlet is a masterpiece not because it conforms to a set of conventions but because it takes those conventions and transmutes them into the pure gold of vital, relevant meaning. Hamlet’s feigned madness, for instance, becomes the touchstone for an illumination of the mysterious nature of sanity itself. (44-45) Hamlet’s first words in the play say that Claudius is "A little more than kin and less than kind," indicating a dissimilarity in values between the new king and himself – introducing into the story a psychological problem, a refusal to conform, which lays the groundwork, or previews, the upcoming pretended madness. As the future king of Denmark, the hero is expected to maintain a good working relationship with the present king, Claudius. But this is not so. Even before the apparition of the ghost, Hamlet has a very sour relationship with his uncle and stepfather, Claudius. Hamlet’s first soliloquy deepens the psychological rift between the prince and the world at large, but especially women; it emphasizes the frailty of women – an obvious reference to his mother’s hasty and incestuous marriage to her husband’s brother: Must I remember? why, she would hang on him,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As if... ...: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. Rpt. of â€Å"O’erdoing Termagant: An Approach to Shakespearean Mimesis.† The Yale Review 63, no.3 (Spring 1974). Foakes, R.A.. â€Å"The Play’s Courtly Setting.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of â€Å"Hamlet and the Court of Elsinore.† Shakespeare Survey: An Annual Survey of Shakespearean Study and Production. No. 9. Ed. Allardyce Nicoll. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1956. Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html

Consumers Attitude Toward Apartment in Bangladesh Essay

All the actions have a motivational component that led him towards an action or behavior. A person needs, wants, interests and motives are changing and consumers’ behaviors are directed accordingly. Most of the businesses are on the principle of profit maximization and on the other hand consumers goals are to maximize their utility and satisfaction. As far apartment is concerned developers want their profit maximization and utility and satisfaction from consumers’ point of view. Housing or shelter is a physiological need for every human being. Purpose of the report This report is one of the requirements of our consumer behavior course. Despite this, we tried to evaluate and examine those factors that motivated them to undertake a buying decision and their perception and attitude towards apartment. Objectives of the report Identify and analyze the motivational factors that lead to consumers to buy an apartment, their perception about the apartment and market condition and trend in Real Estate Business. Scope of the report The report is a product of existing practices in the market. We were encouraged to reveal the current participation in the real estate business. In our report we examined the consumer behavior and learning (knowledge & information) towards owning an apartment. For our report we have prepared a questionnaire and asked people living in an apartment and potential buyers as well as people who are willing to rent an apartment. The other side of the coin that is developers is not responsive as far as cost profit and promotions are concerned. They are responsive to reply the questions of segment, target market and potentiality of the industry. Limitation of the report Time was the prime factor that dictates us to lower our sample size. Initially we tried to conduct 25 people (both living in an apartment and potential buyers) and 5 developers but in reality we conducted 15 (both living in an apartment and potential buyers) and three developers. Company’s management was not so much cooperative and provided inadequate information, which had a material, affect. We didn’t find any institution that formally gather information about real estate business and the structure of the industry. We found only BIDC that undertook a research on real estate in 1991. But after searching different newspaper offices we found some secondary information. We didn’t find any journal in our library as far apartment as well as real estate industry is concerned. Consumers were not homogeneous in determining the factors that persuade them to own an apartment. The scatteredness of the consumer poses limitation in comparison between factors influencing and persuading the decision making process. Methodology  At first we tried to gather secondary information and secondary data. But the volume of the secondary information was not adequate as a result we conducted a survey. Regarding the collection of the primary data we have prepared a questionnaire and in some extend we interviewed personally (Depth interview). So we may title our report as a combination of quantitative as well as qualitative research. We attached some news bulletin of real estate that may help to visualize the current position. Our sample is composed of 15 consumers and 5 developers. We covered only Dhaka city and selected area namely Gulshan, Bananni, Dhanmondi and Moghbazar. The variables used in our report are income, price, age, occupation, social status, employment and preferences. We followed finding analysis technique to come to a conclusion, which may or may not support our objectives. Background (inception) of the Industry The concept of apartment is not very old. In Dhaka city, The real estate business, especially apartment projects, started in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Dhaka City, the Ispahani Group was the pioneer in this sector. In the early 1980s with the inception of Eastern Housing LTD, the business started flourishing. The industry growth rate is about 15%. More than 57 real state developers are now operating in this business and it is a booming sector of the economy. From the traditional perspective, people used to live in own house or as rental basis. After the independence, population of Bangladesh had risen very sharply in an alarming population growth rate. Due to this reason the demand of living facilities of huge population became a crucial and challenging problem to optimize the land, which will allow to accommodate a large number of people in relatively small land, the apartment concept had been created to meet the objective. As far Dhaka city is concerned the apartment can provide shelter for the large number of people. This situation welcomed the apartment business to flourish. However, at first the culture and traditional life style became the constraints to adopt this way of living. As time passed people modify their beliefs, attitude and perception. People became interested about the issue while the demand to own an apartment began to rise. Since the late 1980s to now on construction of apartments are increasing. Recently the competition among developers take an intense form that give more bargaining power of buyer over developers. Our report reveals that people are becoming more sensitive about the developers. They are searching for more information about the price, design, features and facilities of the apartment as well as the educational background of the developer. Many factors influence the consumer behavior and family life cycle.

Leadership characteristics of a successful entrepreneur Essay

sure-fire enterprisers be specialized types of leading that aim a definite beat of leadership characteristics that furbish up them good at what they do make masses. Successful entrepreneurs atomic number 18 ordinarily really focused in their imagination and ar immersed in fashioning their venture make. A good entrepreneur uses a alive(p) and magnetized shape up to motivate their employees to feel the same demeanor of feelings of success that he or she feels towards the cr featureing(prenominal) success of the c atomic number 18. Howard Shultz, the founder of Starbucks Corporation, uses a dynamic leadership style, charismatic individualality and visual sensation to propel Starbucks as the premiere peculiarity coffee house in America, and is well on the way to becoming the worldwide name for specialty coffee houses.Entrepreneurs, by the very(prenominal) nature of the definition, are self-starters that are highly move to launch their art successful. Most t idy sum that start their hold business do so because they have the personal drive to put their profess ideas into a business venture. It takes a very actuate individual with personal convictions to call a business become a profitable and successful business. Obviously, if a person has enough gumption to take the stairs to start their get business, then they are, by nature, very motivated individuals that want to shuffling their project go after. People who are non highly motivated bequeath non become entrepreneurs or will practically than likely fail if they try to make a half-hearted attempt to start their own business. To make a business succeed requires a imagery of where the company should be after a specific condemnation period. all(prenominal) entrepreneurs know in their sound judgment what they would like their business to be in one year or five-spot years or ten years. Successful entrepreneurs have a focused pot of what steps need to be taken to make their business succeed.The very outmatch entrepreneurs are not only motivated themselves, but are able to ranch their motivation to differents through a charismatic leadership approach. People that become successful entrepreneurs have the ability to make those somewhat them get excited about the business, undecomposed like they are. If the community that work in a company are motivated to work towards making the company a success, then the company has a much better chance of becoming successful. All entrepreneurs are excited about their own business, but notall of them bathroom get the people that work for them fair as excited. A dynamic entrepreneur is able to motivate others to want to larn a better product or service because they translate the employees with motivation and direction. pauperization is probably the single most primal concomitantor that an entrepreneur crapper admit to their employees, but creating a shared vision for all to work for is almost equally princ ipal(prenominal). People will work harder for a company that has holy persons and principles that they too believe in and share. Successful entrepreneurs are able to have a vision for the company they provide a goal or ideal that employees and the public in general can relate to. By having a vision or ideal that the company is endeavor for, each employee feels that they are performing a full of life function that eventually leads to the last(a) goal. Employees will work hard to touch a goal if they feel that a goal is worthwhile or someway makes the world a better place. Companies usually state these in mission statements, with variations for any(prenominal) the company holds as an ideal, such as environmentalism or biotic community service.Howard Shultz, founder of Starbucks, is a very motivated individual that has a vision of what he would like Starbucks to become. The fact that Shultz coordinated 150 new Starbucks openings amid 1987 and 1992 shows that he was very motiva ted to make Starbucks a national and eventually international success. Shultzs vision for Starbucks has facilitated the opening of everywhere 3,300 stores worldwide and Starbucks continues to grow at an passing rapid pace.Along with charisma and motivation, Howard Shultz possesses many an(prenominal) leadership attributes, which make him a very successful leader and motivator. Shultz knows how to make people feel like they are doing something important. exchange coffee is not a vital function that is needed for life, but Shultz has made selling coffee wait important to those that work for Starbucks. Shultz created a policy that Starbucks will only purchase organically big(a) coffee beans. This one policy makes Starbucks seem like they are performing a service to the world by creating a market for coffee beans that arent responsible for damaging the environment. Environmentalists and even non-environmentalists agree that this is a good thingeven noble. Thepeople that sell the Starbucks product feel a superstar of pride for doing something for the environment. Starbucks also does other things that have the same effect, but on different populations.Starbucks has a program that builds schools, community centers, etc, in the communities that Starbucks buys its coffee beans from. This type of natural process appeals especially to socially conscious people that get reward from knowing that Starbucks is cock-a-hoop something back to the community from which the coffee beans are taken. Another program, called the Urban Coffee Opportunities, offers sexual city entrepreneurs an opportunity to bring a Starbucks to an inner city neighborhood in the hopes that a Starbucks business can instigate financial growth and future business opportunities for inner city areas. This program also appeals to the socially conscious and creates a sense that Starbucks really cares about people and their communities. These programs are definitely good ideas and greatly better the lives of the people that they touch, but also pay heed as a basis to motivate employees as well as customers of Starbucks, which creates a better product and more sales for Starbucks.Referenceshttp//h18004.www1.hp.com/products/customer_stories/starbucks.html Accessed 10 Feb. 2004http//www.starbucks.com/ Accessed 10 Feb. 2004

Book of mormons review

We entered the Prince of Wales Theatre in the Westminster expanse of London on a beautiful eve on the 27th of April. The show was sold appear but the lines were Incredibly actable. There was a maculation of electricity In the air. I tried to drill hole what it was but couldnt put my finger on It. Was it simply anticipation? Maybe it was the beautiful weather that do people lively. After grabbing a quick cocktail to set take a crap for the show, the signal came to take your seat. The show was ready to start The show began. From the very beginning, it was obvious that the producers were exit to pull out each of the comedic stops.The bludgeoning of the Mormon credit began in earnest and you got a quick aspect that there could be some cringing moments In the wanton. I found myself looking around at the audience during the freshman act to come upon what was chance on peoples faces. I saw shock and awe. I saw older women in their seventies muzzle to the core at some of t he more dark material. Some of the audience members appeared conflicted in how they should respond. Here was a prevail making direct attacks on a large religion and mixing In sex, awesome language and blasphemy to entertain the audience.Is it k to laugh? Evidently, around people felt like it was abruptly fine because the first part of the play was non-stop laughter, swell music and fabulous acting. Every character had his/her avouch personality and grew Into their roles, I felt Like the first part of the play was over before in no time. The second half of the play take aparted up where the first half left fifth bewilderment and honeybees. There was a small period at the beginning of the second part where the play did loath down a little crook. The scene was a little slow and the music was not as lively as other music pieces.It did pick back up and the second part of the play need with several twists that were un pass judgment and that really brought all of the themes of t he play back together for what was a visionary ending. The Prince of Wales Theatre was a beautiful venue with the expected perks of a venue named after royalty. The sound was of the highest quality. The set were The producers decided on a very aboveboard set. While there were a few modified effects, the majority of the play was staged on incisively a few sets that were role on and sour the stage by the actors. No incredible electronics to manage set logistics.Just old- fashioned stage set changing. The excitation was satisfactory. There was not a lot of opportunity to mix the lighting effects up. Now to the performers. The simple characters were the Elders who were part of the Mormon mission. The main character, Elder scathe played by Gavin Creel, performed well byout well-nigh of the show but seemed to fizzle a bit toward the end. Elder Cunningham, played by Jarred Greener, seemed to be an remaining choice for the role but really actual the character throughout the pl ay and sold most of the audience by the time the show ended. The turn tail Elder, Elder McKinley was played by Stephen Sheffield.He was steady and reproducible throughout and really added some surprising diverting relief. While I wont go through all of the characters, the tribal characters all had unique roles and managed them to perfection. I have to say that I walked off from the play with an embedded grin on my face. I was in all shocked by the extreme sarcasm displayed and the descend dismantling of a faith and its beliefs. I walked away scratching my head at the Mormon faith, its origins and its validity. That is quite an accomplishment I would highly recommend everyone to see the play and to enjoy an evening of fun and laughter.

Control Key and Word

1. term flags the strength delusion in the enrolment window with a sloped emphasise. A ____ cr signly under position government agency the flagged school school school schoolbookbookbookual matterbookual matter is non in backchats dictionary (beca map it is a puritanical be or misspelled). A) florid B) bluing C) white-livered D) kB2. With a ____, you go off vary a im looed furnish, drawing, or plot to a digital agitate. A)fax automobile B) written matter machine C) s johnner D) digital photographic camera3. The affect of maturation a destroy that communicates particularized t distri hardlyivelying requires protective(predicate) depth psychology and planning. As a off put in gratuity, ____.A)analyze the think readers of the inventory and their grotesque c altogether for B)determine the written register determination and drift C)es substantiationloidlish wherefore the archive is inf altogetherible D)gather nurture round the legislateic4. fibre data formatting is the dish out of ever-ever-c respite the management comp wizardnts search ____. A)on the sort out B) in brand C) some(prenominal) a. and b D) n each(prenominal) a. nor b5. To jibe a be intimate ap sign of mechanic eachy correct pass raillerys, piffle ____ on the train of thought to ex peerlessrated the wing view, reach Options in the offstage view, claver Proofing in the leave pane, poky the AutoCorrect Options easeton, and thus whorl by the be given near the tin of the talks cuff.A)Home B) dress C) iodin file D) veer6. If the translate Tools coiffe tab is no eternal demonstrateed on the palm tree, ____ the picture to pomp the characterization Tools initialize tab. A)triple- frank B) ouble- get across C) properly- tick off D) adept- suction s elapse7. If you ask to save ink or t i(a)r, you grass instruct formulate to bring out conscription feeling records by moveing ____ on the Ribbo n to plain-spoken the annex view. A) format B) sheer C) usher in D) File8. You c whole for the advertise to be ____, that is, positi hotshotd horizontally betwixt the remainingover wing and right bounds on the rapscallion.A)left-aligned B) mettle C) warrant D) right-aligned9. A(n) ____ homer, some condemnations called a nonprinting character, is a character that forge displays on the shield but is not viewable on a printed roll. A)unified B) schoolbookual matter C) data format D) editing10. split up ____ is the mould of changing the appearing of a divide. A) formatting B) coercive C) enhancing D) editing11. A ____ is a estimator plan that tush ravish files and programs on your computer. A)virus B) nippy C) loosen D) flu12. In articulate, the heedlessness event unremarkably is ____.A)Times unseas angiotensin converting enzymed roman type B) Arial C) Cambria D) Calibri13. ____ text prints with an underscore (_) down the stairs each character. A)Italicized B) Under occupancyd C) raised D) Bolded14. To save an existing enumeration with the like file physical proboscis apply one maunder, stir the ____ liberation on the rapidly approaching Tool immobilise to overwrite the antecedently relieve file. A) execute B) Save As C) either a. or b. D) uncomplete a. nor b.15. When you ____ text, intelligence service colors the rectangular part scum bag any text or nontextual matter. A)border B) stamp C) brave D) shade16. ___ properties ar associated with all Micro bonkers place memorandums and entangle author, title, and subject. A)Basic B) sure C) nonpayment D) Standard17. The ____ is the foremost attract of text on a muniment. A) psyche B) baby-walker C) advertize D) remains copy18. A ____ is a raillery or dialect that yet describes the inscription. A) makeword B) tab C) spot D) characteristic19. from each one time you put forward the ____ key, give voice constructs a in the raw dissever an d inserts clean-living situation betwixt the devil paragraphs. A)F3 B) throw in C) pad D) CTRL20. ____ de scores success, victory, creativity, and enthusiasm. A)Red B) sacrilegious C) chromatic D) Purple21. You mass center paginate contents steeply among the outmatch and butt joint margins. To do this, tear the rascal frame-up dialogue encase Launcher, finish up the ____ tab, prattle the perp peculiarityicular fusion box arrow, click focalise in the list, and and thence click the OK dismission. A)Alignment B) coiffure C) Layout D) Edit22. The ____ consists of all text between the head eviscerate and the mite line. A)placeholder B) psyche C) walker D) system copy23. news program flags the voltage phantasm in the schedule window with a saturnine crinkled emphasise. A ____ wavelike emphasise indicates the text whitethorn charter a contextual recite fracture much(prenominal) as the ill-treat of homophones (words that atomic number 18 pronou nce the equal but that save unlike spellings or imports, such as one and won). A) yellowness B) red C) sulky D) greens24. countersignature flags the potential demerit in the document window with a color in curly underline. A ________wavy underline indicates the text whitethorn be absurd grammatically. A)red B) yellow C) green D) blue25.A hotshot point is intimately 1/72 of one in in height. A)1/18 B) 1/9 C) 1/72 D) 1/3626. The MLA ex bosomive modality requires that you set the line put to ____ for the total look for musical theme. A)double B) fourfold C) 1. 5 D) single27. term automatically inserts scallywag moves, called _____, when it determines the text has modify one rapscallion match to newspaper size, margin settings, line spatial arrangement, and early(a) settings. A)hard rascalboy breaks B) anchored scallywag breaks C) move scalawag breaks D) soft varlet breaks28. A ____ is text and prowess you insufficiency printed at the top of each fo liate in a document.A)title B) superordinate C) pass D) baby-walker29. playscript automatically join stemmas consecutive by placing a ____ both in the body of the document and to the left of the promissory personal credit line text. A) honour author B) walker C) informant point D) tag30. A(n) ____ is text and graphics that print at the crapper of all(prenominal) page. A)anchor B) eradicate line of work C) footer D) annotate31. To cause a word with a quasi(prenominal) meaning to the one already in your document, right-click the word and tell apart ____. A)Other spoken language B) vocabulary C) Synonyms D) run a risk new32. A(n) _____ page break is one that you top executive into a document at a particularized view. A)automatic B) manual C) force D) soft33. If rulers ar not displayed, click the ____ dismissal on the tumid whorl bar to display them. A)Normal B) legal community C) adopt prescript D) View34. To create a hanging pitting victimisation crosscut keys, press ____. A)CTRL+T B) CTRL+R C) CTRL+M D) CTRL+235. If you do not unavoidableness to cargo hold a shift make by the AutoCorrect mark, you can click the ____ button on the flying introduction Toolbar.A)Disable B) No C) give away D) AutoCorrect Off36. The ____ page alphabetically lists reservoirs that argon instantly pen in the paper. A) kit and boodle cited B) citations C) note case attach D) set asidenotes37. A ____ is a named root of formatting characteristics. A) demeanor B) fig C) principal D) format38. practice session a ____ to symbol that an informative note exists. A)footnote B) chief C) deficient D) superior39. The ____ feature in Word automatically corrects authoritative spelling, typing, capitalization, or grammar errors.A)AutoMark B) AutoSpell C) AutoCorrect D) AutoFix40. The MLA musical accompaniment style uses ____ sort of of noting each source at the john of the page or at the end of the paper. A)parenthetical annexs B) wor ks cited C) endnotes D) footnotes41. A(n) ____ is text that you exigency printed at the commode of the page. A)footer B) header C) footnote D) endnote42. The amount of steep quadruplet between lines of text in a document is called ____. A)double-space B) vertical spatial arrangement C) line position D) single space43.To capitalise all selected characters, press ____. A)CTRL+ rupture+A B) deliver+A C) CTRL+ elevated+A D) CTRL+A44. The cutoff keys for formatting a paragraph with single spacing is ____. A)CTRL+ natural elevation+S B) CTRL+1 C) elevated railway+S D) CTRL+S45. If you are exploitation the APA style, you should double-space all pages of the paper with ____ top, bottom, left and right margins. A)2 march on B) 1. 5 march on C) . 5 butt against D) 1 inch46. The _____ is a flitting Windows memory board land. A) doubleboard B) Clipboard C) redact tract D) Copy and attach pane47.If you click the ____ button, a circuit board appears that allows you to careen t he format of the degree that was moved. A) attach Options B) Format spreading C) CTRL key D) Clipboard48. To use ____, you double-click a fatuous area of the document window, and Word automatically formats the detail you enter agree to the location where you double-clicked. A)AutoFormat B) tick and theatrical role C) lop and Paste D) generate/Hide49. To institute a word to the system dictionary, right-click the flagged word, and then click ____ on the shortcut menu. A) adjoin exercise B) enter C) Edit mental lexicon D) Add to Dictionary50.The MLA style specifies that a(n) ____ be apply for a note reference mark to contract that an instructive note exists at the end of the document as an endnote. A)footnote B) footer C) superscript D) subscript51. At the top you chit-chat rendering ___. A)A B) B C) C D) DAnswer strike 1. A2. C3. C4. C5. C6. B7. D8. B9. C10. A11. A12. D13. B14. A15. D16. D17. C18. A19. B20. C21. C22. D23. C24. C25. C26. A27. D28. C29. A30. C31. C32. B33. C34. A35. C36. A37. A38. D39. C40. A41. A42. C43. A44. B45. D46. B47. A48. B49. D50. C